In interdisziplinären Forschungsverbünden entstehen häufig implizite oder auch explizite Spannungen um wissenschaftliche Vorgehensweisen, bis hin zu der Frage, was Wissenschaftlichkeit überhaupt ausmacht. Der vorliegende Artikel1 hat zum Ziel aufzuzeigen, dass sich verschiedene Typen wissenschaftlicher Forschung historisch ausgeprägt haben, die gleichberechtigt nebeneinander bestehen. Mit der Darstellung dieser Pluralität von Forschungsformen soll ein Verständnis befördert werden, das Unterschiede im Forschen nicht mehr zu Deutungskämpfen über 'wahre' Wissenschaftlichkeit auswachsen lässt, sondern als Chance zu einer interdisziplinären Kooperation mit Mehrwert.

This article responds to a growing tide of critique targeting select new materialist and object-oriented approaches in archaeology. Here we take a stand against this critical discourse not so much to counter actual and legitimate differences in how we conceive of archaeology and its role, but to target the exaggerations, excesses, and errors by which it increasingly is articulated and which restrict communication to the impoverishment of the field as whole. While also embracing an opportunity to clarify matters of politics and archaeological theory in light of object-oriented approaches and the material turn at large, we address a number of concerns raised by this critical discourse, which are, we contend, of relevance to all archaeologists: 1) the importance of ontology; 2) working with theory; 3) politics as first philosophy; 4) the concept of the subaltern; 5) binaries and the rhetorical desire for an enemy; and 6) the matter of misrepresentation.

Intrigued by repeated visits of Trump administration officials to the archaeological tunnels at the foot of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, I examine the extraordinary connection between American and Israeli nationalism, “Judeo-Christian values,” and Holy Land archaeology, and propose a “Pompeo premise” that equates Jewish antiquities and settlement with bedrock values of “Western civilization,” promotes a political narrative of redemption (even if accompanied by massive violence) and relegates Palestinian Muslims to an ephemeral existence. The “recovery” of a “true” Jerusalem, purified of any Islamic content, beneath the contested, chaotic surface of Palestinian and Israeli Jerusalem is delegated to archaeologists, who have for the most part accepted their task.

Accepting Globalisation means accepting diffusion, but globalisation has much to offer archaeologists, i.a. a monopoly on the sources of information for the early history and nature of globalisation. Beyond that, the elementary units of globalisation are not the states and boundaries we cannot find, but rather the cultures and civilisations we do and thus, there is less of a methodological confrontation with theory. Furthermore, globalisation offers a different approach to questions of economics which vex archaeological research. Approaching history from this vantage point allows a clearer means of structuring our understanding of history by combining cognitive, political, economic, social and cultural elements relating to identity and exchange to organise spatial and temporal groupings.

Der hier thematisierte Ansatz des Cityscaping bestimmt für die Analyse antiker Städte das Zusammenspiel aus normativen städtischen Mustern sowie dem Wirken unterschiedlicher Akteursgruppen mit ihren wirtschaftlichen, politischen und religiösen Interessen. Er fragt nach den daraus resultierenden baulichen bzw. performativen Raumformungsmechanismen, welche sich oft als Aushandlungsprozess oder Kampf um städtische Räume manifestierten. Die Impulse für aktuelle Debatten liegen in der Verbindung des Blicks auf städtische Eigenlogiken mit der Berücksichtigung von städtischen Netzwerken als Impulsgeber für urbanistische Entwicklung wie die Übernahme kultureller Muster gleichermaßen, was Städtevergleiche ermöglicht. Anliegen ist die präzisere Bestimmung der Bedeutung antiker Städte für die Geschichte der Stadt.

This article focuses on theories and discourses in cultural studies that deal with the concept and phenomenon of memory and analyzes the relevance of such content for professional discussions in ancient studies and the preservation of monuments. Using examples of my own and “borrowed” examples from others, I seek to show how the concepts from sociologist Maurice Halbwachs and historian Pierre Nora have an especially fruitful effect on our research and can generate new associations. I begin my observations at a natural temporal and spatial starting point: a historicist church interior in Berlin. The focus then moves to the medieval-looking Wartburg Castle, in Eisenach, and the western facade of the Metz Cathedral, concluding with the “ancient” ruins of Didyma and Pompeii.

The essay proposes the term ‘topopoetics’ in order to explain how cultural meanings, ideas and topoi originating in classical antiquity change and are transformed in and by artefacts. The artefacts under consideration are especially, but not exclusively, textual ones; they tend to unfold their topological dimensions by means of allegorical procedures. The contribution exemplifies the workings of topopoetics in early modernity by discussing central devices in Edmund Spenser’s Faerie Queene, Richard Crashaw’s poetry and the front matter of Kepler’s Rudolphine Tables.

Hellenistic scholars have been the first to link the geographical description of the known world with a mathematical investigation of the terrestrial sphere. The definition of mathematical concepts devoted to geography and cartography – meridians and parallels, geographical coordinates for example – enabled the development of a specific branch of geographical knowledge. Already in the second century CE, Ptolemy was able to produce maps based on the latitude and the longitude of localities. Compared to more traditional literary geography, mathematical geography did not arise a strong interest among scholars of the Roman and Byzantine periods. This has incited modern historians to impute a global disregard for mathematical sciences to the “Roman geography”.

Space and landscape are central terms in the investigation of past societies and their interrelationship with the environment. However, even though these terms are so central, their definition is ambiguous what hinders a successful communication of research results and an open discussion. In this contribution we sketch the historical development of the understanding of space and landscape. Based on this summary we propose to think of these terms inclusively by integrating four different viewpoints on space, i.e. space as container, space as system of relations and connections, space as product of human perception, and space as construct. We employ our integrative viewpoint by developing different research questions for a holistic analysis of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic archaeological site Göbekli Tepe.

This paper focusses on concepts of space and ritual in Ancient Near Eastern visual art. Two very different types of visual media are confronted: representations on cylinder seals from the third and second millennium BC and reliefs from the palace of the Assyrian king, Ashurbanipal, from the 7th century BC. Both media are a rewarding source for reconstructing ancient Mesopotamian spatial cognition and its realistic practice which goes beyond the efficacy of textual records. Within the imagery of ritual scenes on cylinder seals, strategies of self-assertion by members of society who are not royals can be observed. Contrary, within the visual narrative of the royal lion hunt on Assyrian palace reliefs, the mythological perception of space is effortfully blended with geopolitical and economic interests.

Archaeometric ceramic analysis has a long tradition. The work presented here by a research group of the Excellence Cluster Topoi focuses on the relationships between project design, methods utilized, and achieved results in focus. The concepts of the described projects were developed together in the group are presented and discussed in a comparative way. Common to all of the projects was the question of economic spaces, which can be determined by means of ceramic analysis. Surprisingly often, the initial hypothesis of centralized production and broad distribution could not be verified – from the Neolithic to the Roman Empire, household production remains a prevalent model. It becomes consistently clearer that further results can only be realized via extensive intra-site analysis. An important methodological focus rests in the verification of the usefulness of portable x-ray fluorescence analysis. This method only makes sense from project to project; an ideal work flow for the application of pXRF technology is provided.

The diffusion of innovations from the Near East into the ‘static’ surrounding peripheries has become a well-known archaeological paradigm, often summed up as Ex Oriente Lux. While this conflicts with modern, scientifically controlled chronologies, it is difficult to explain as mere local developments and pure chance the appearance of large-scale communication networks, the transformation of power concentrations in the first states, or the diffusion of the wheel, alloyed metals, and writing. The papers in this volume follow two approaches to convene on new insights into the prehistoric and ancient innovation process. Theoretical perspectives attempt to challenge and modify traditional models of innovation diffusion that lack the chronological depth of archaeological sources, while case studies from the Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages of Europe, southwest Asia, and North Africa analyze the specific archaeological and sociopolitical contexts, the technological traditions of innovations, and the specifications of their emergence, spread, and improvements.

Das Mittelalter und die Frühe Neuzeit gelten – teilweise aus unterschiedlichen Gründen – als ‚Zeitalter des Geheimnisses‘ und werden damit von der Moderne als einer ‚entzauberten‘ Epoche abgegrenzt. Wissenschaftliche, theologische und literarische Texte bilden die wesentliche Basis für diese Auffassung. Die Gralszene aus Wolframs von Eschenbach Parzival zum Beispiel stellt für das ‚geheimnisvolle Mittelalter‘ ein Paradebeispiel dar, ebenso die Gattungen der Mystik, das ‚Mysterienspiel‘ oder die Alchemie. In den Mikroanalysen, welche die Beiträge des von Jutta Eming und Volkhard Wels herausgegebenen Bands bieten, geht es nicht darum, diese Paradigmen weiter zu entfalten, sondern um detaillierte Analysen dessen, was auf synchroner und systematischer Ebene konkret unter ‚Geheimnis‘ und ‚Rätsel‘ zu verstehen ist. Leitend dafür ist eine wissensgeschichtliche Fragestellung nach den Formen und den Gründen für Darstellungsmodi von Rätsel oder Geheimnis sowie nach den Funktionen, welche diese für Literatur und Kultur der Vormoderne übernehmen. Es geht nicht darum, die große Erzählung vom Geheimnis als einer Epochensignatur fortzuschreiben, sondern um eine Bestimmung von Geheimnis und Rätsel als Wissensformen und als ästhetische Strategien, mit anderen Worten, als Formen der Darstellung.

Negationen prägen Prozesse des Wissenswandels nicht nur, indem sie zu einem Aussortieren beitragen, Entwicklungen abbrechen und Platz für Neues schaffen, sondern auch durch ihnen innewohnende epistemische Potentiale. Der von Şirin Dadaş und Christian Vogel herausgegebene Band widmet sich in 17 Beiträgen diesen Dynamiken der Negation, die sich als konstitutiv für das vermittelte Wissen erweisen bzw. die Vermittlung von Wissen mitgestalten. Die Untersuchungen rücken die vielfältigen Impulse der Negation für wissensgeschichtliche Forschungen in den Blick. Es geht weniger um ein Scheitern von Transferprozessen oder um die Absenz von Wissen als um wissensgenerierende Dimensionen der Negation. Das Erkenntnisinteresse der Beiträge, die einen Untersuchungszeitraum von mehr als 2000 Jahren umfassen, richtet sich auf Wissensformen, die sich der Definition entziehen, sich nicht diskursivieren lassen oder Grenzen des Wissbaren anzeigen. Dabei wird den epistemischen Geltungsansprüchen und spezifischen Darstellungsweisen eines solchen ‚(Nicht)Wissens‘ nachgegangen. Zugleich stehen jene Negationen im Fokus, die als Ausschluss, Auflösung, Schweigen oder Zerstörung zur Wissensvermittlung dazugehören und sich derart als Ausprägungen eines ‚negativen Transfers‘ beschreiben lassen.

This article critically reflects upon the relationship between the local workmen (all male) of the Asyut Project and the international scientific team working at the site. There are still noticeable traces of the colonial past within Egyptology. Interactions between local communities and archaeologists have only recently led to projects that focus on community engagement and multivocality. This article argues that community engagement can be a promising way not only to further decolonise Egyptology, and especially archaeological work in Egypt, but also to broaden the horizon of scholars by including other voices, methods and interpretations in their research. The local workmen have been almost invisible in published records of archaeological research. In 2011, together with the Egyptian artist Ammar Abu Bakr, I was able to study the relationship between the scholars of the Asyut Project and the local workmen by using methods from the field of social and cultural anthropology. The research comprises 21 semi-structured interviews and 56 structured questionnaires. Based on an analysis of the interviews, I conclude that the relationship between the workmen and the Asyut Project is mainly capitalistic and the workmen are alienated labourers. This is further manifested by a social distance between the international scholars and the local workmen, the language barrier, and the limited time available during fieldwork. It will be shown that the local workmen are interested in the ancient sites and in more communication concerning their meaning and interpretations.