Aus der Perspektive der Zentralgewalt stellt eine Hauptstadt die wichtigste Stadt eines Staates dar. In den Altertumswissenschaften bestimmt die Frage, ob eine Stadt „Haupt“stadt war oder nicht die Forschungsfragen und lenkt damit oft das Interesse an subalternen Räumen. Dieser Beitrag widmet sich der Hauptstadt des hethitischen Reiches und stellt dar, wie zum einen die moderne Erforschung der antiken Hauptstadt marginale Räume geschaffen hat, zum anderen wissenschaftliche Traditionen „subalterne Räume“ verfestigt haben. Die Untersuchung von Archivquellen aus der „Hauptstadt der Hethiter“ zeigt, dass bewusst oder unbewusst bestimmte handelnde Personen unsichtbar gemacht wurden. Ich zeige anhand einiger Beispiele, wie Subalterne, ihre Räume und Geschichten mittels quantitativer und räumlicher Analysen sichtbar gemacht werden können.

Digitale Bilder sind in Zeiten des Internets, der Mobiltelefonie und der sozialen Medien fest in der Lebenswelt zahlreicher Menschen verankert. Auch in den unterschiedlichen Geisteswissenschaften ist die Nutzung von digitalen Bildern als Forschungsmaterial an vielen Stellen zum Alltag geworden. In Bilddaten in den Digitalen Geisteswissenschaften wird mit einer Auswahl von Anwendungsfällen und Lösungsansätzen aus Informatik und Informationswissenschaft, Architektur- und Kunstgeschichte, Philologie und Medienwissenschaft eine Bandbreite der je nach Disziplin und Gegenstand variierenden Anforderungen dargestellt, wobei auch zunächst eher technisch anmutende Aspekte betrachtet werden. In drei Abschnitten werden digitale Verfahren und ihre Anwendungen in einzelnen Teilgebieten der Geisteswissenschaften behandelt. Obwohl sich die einzelnen Beiträge in unterschiedlichem Maße auf informatische und geisteswissenschaftliche Interessen, Ansätze, Verfahren und Details konzentrieren, verweisen sie immer auch auf den jeweils anderen Aspekt, sodass sich die Fächer in diesen Darstellungen einander annähern. Bilder werden dabei nicht nur als Gegenstände von Wissen betrachtet, sondern sie werden in ihrer Relevanz für die Genese, die Repräsentation und die Dissemination von Wissen untersucht.

The use of writing for the preservation and transmission of administrative, scientific, literary and sacred knowledge has a long history. From the third millennium BCE on, many forms of social processes – intellectual, religious, political and others – have been increasingly materialized in the form of a variety of document types (tablets, bones, papyri, scrolls, parchments, books). Some of them were collected in archives or libraries that were dependent on royal palaces, governmental institutions and temples but also in private contexts. The publication Collect and Preserve assembles a number of studies devoted to material aspects of collecting texts in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Qumran, Medieval Japan, and Korea under the Chosŏn-Dynasty (1392–1910).

Recent research has investigated the emotional underpinnings of support for populist New Right parties and movements. Some of these works focus on the supply-side of New Right support, emphasizing specific political styles and discourses, whereas others emphasize the demand-side, highlighting cultural, economic, and emotional factors. Lacking from this research, in particular for the European context, is an understanding of how supporters of the New Right experience and make sense of pertinent cleavages with regards to emotions. The present study sets out to acquire a more detailed understanding of the emotional narratives and experiences of supporters of New Right parties and movements, in particular with regard to fear and religious cleavages. Using group interviews with supporters of New Right parties and movements in Germany, we show that narratives involving fear pertain to the idea of a valued collective “We” that consists of political and cultural elements and serves as a reference point to collective identity and an antidote to existential insecurities. Further, this collective “We” is perceived to be threatened by cultural differences and changing majority-minority relations with respect to five domains of social life: demography, the liberal democratic order, public majority culture, security, and welfare.

Die von dem Bündnis Meine Landwirtschaft organisierte Großdemonstration Wir haben es satt! findet seit zehn Jahren zum Auftakt der Agrarmesse Grüne Woche in Berlin statt. Das Bündnis setzt sich für eine nachhaltige, faire Landwirtschaft und Lebensmittelproduktion ein und unterstützt deutschlandweit bäuerliche Betriebe. Am 18. Januar 2020 haben Forscher*innen der Freien Universität Berlin in Kooperation mit dem Institut für Protest- und Bewegungsforschung eine umfassende Befragung der Beteiligten der Wir haben es satt!-Demonstration durchgeführt. Die so gewonnenen Daten geben Aufschluss darüber, wer die Demonstrant*innen waren, was ihre Anliegen und politischen Haltungen sind und, nicht zuletzt, wie sie durch ihr eigenes Verhalten in Konsum und Lebensführung eine andere Landwirtschaft unterstützen. Ein Großteil der Befragten der Wir haben es satt!-Demonstration identifizierte sich als weiblich und ordnete sich politisch als links der Mitte ein. Ältere Kohorten waren insgesamt etwas stärker vertreten. Wie bei vielen Protesten in Deutschland stellen die Befragten einen spezifischen sozio-ökonomischen Ausschnitt der Bevölkerung dar: zwei Drittel geben an, einen Universitätsabschluss zu haben, die meisten verfügen über ein mittleres bis hohes Einkommen. Vor allem waren die Demonstrant*innen stark politisch engagiert; viele von ihnen sind Mitglieder in politischen Organisationen, sehr erfahrene Demonstrant*innen und vertraut mit den gesellschaftspolitischen Kämpfen zu Klima- und Umweltpolitik. Für weniger als zwei Prozent war dies die erste Demonstration überhaupt. Da es bei der Demonstrationsbefragung nicht möglich war, auch den an die Wir haben es satt!-Demonstration angegliederten Traktoren-Umzug fußläufig zu befragen, handelt es sich zudem bei den Teilnehmer*innen der Befragung vor allem um Konsument* innen. Nur sehr wenige der Befragten produzieren selbst Lebensmittel zu kommerziellen Zwecken. Diese spezifische Gesellschaftsgruppe kann als ernährungsbewusst bezeichnet werden. Sie trifft ethische Kaufentscheidungen und hat ein großes Interesse daran hat, die eigenen Anliegen zu äußern.

Esta publicação analisa os efeitos da pandemia da Covid-19 sobre a alimentação da população brasileira, com relação à situação de segurança alimentar e ao consumo de alimentos. Os dados analisados aqui foram coletados por meio de uma pesquisa de opinião pública realizada entre os meses de novembro e dezembro de 2020, por meio de coleta telefônica, junto à amostra representativa da população brasileira. Esta pesquisa foi coordenada pelo Grupo de Pesquisa Alimento para Justiça: Poder, Política e Desigualdades Alimentares na Bioeconomia, da Freie Universität Berlin (Alemanha), em parceria com pesquisadoras/es da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) e Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Os resultados demonstram que 59% dos domicílios entrevistados estavam em situação de insegurança alimentar durante a pandemia e parte significativa deles diminuiu o consumo de alimentos importantes para a dieta regular da população - 44% reduziram o consumo de carnes e 41% o consumo de frutas. Assim, os dados coletados corroboram informações anteriores da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio que indicavam o aumento da insegurança alimentar no Brasil nos anos de 2017/2018 em relação aos padrões anteriores, de 2013. Conclui-se que as instabilidades socioeconômicas geradas pelas crises política e econômica vividas nos últimos anos no país agravaram-se com a pandemia da Covid-19, acentuando as desigualdades alimentares entre uma parcela da população brasileira, sobretudo, quanto ao acesso a alimentos de forma regular e em quantidade e qualidade satisfatórias.

In this paper, I analyze how the higher education decision of young adults in Germany depends on their expected future earnings. For this, I estimate a microeconometric model in which individuals maximize life-time utility by choosing whether or not to enter higher education. To forecast individual life cycles in terms of employment, earnings, and family formation under higher education and its alternative, vocational training, I use a dynamic microsimulation model and regression techniques. I take into account that while individuals generally choose between two options, higher education and vocational training, they are aware of multiple potential realizations under both options, such as leaving higher education with a bachelor degree or taking up higher education after first having earned a vocational degree. Using the estimates from the decision model, I simulate the introduction of different tuition fee and graduate tax scenarios. I find that the impact of these education policies on the higher education decision is limited and only few individuals would change their educational decisions as a reaction to these policies.

This monograph is intended as a contribution to the field of bilingualism from a generative syntax perspective at a variety of levels. It investigates code-switching between Korean and English and also between Japanese and English, which exhibit several interesting features. Due to their canonical word order differences, Korean and Japanese being SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) and English SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), a code-switched sentence between Korean/Japanese and English can take, in principle, either OV or VO order, to which little attention has been paid in the literature. On the contrary, word order is one of the most extensively discussed topics in generative syntax, especially in the Principles and Parameter’s approach (P&P) where various proposals have been made to account of various order patterns of different languages. By taking the generative view that linguistic variation is due to variation in the domain of functional categories rather than lexical roots (e.g. Borer 1984; Chomsky 1995), this monograph investigates word order variation in Korean-English and Japanese-English code-switching, with particular attention to the relative placement of the predicate (verb) and its complement (object) in two contrasting word orders, OV and VO, which was tested against Korean-English and Japanese-English bilingual speakers’ introspective judgments. The results provide strong evidence indicating that the distinction between functional and lexical verbs plays a major role in deriving different word orders (OV and VO, respectively) in Korean-English and Japanese-English code-switching, which supports the hypothesis that parametric variation is attributed to differences in the features of a functional category in the lexicon, as assumed in minimalist syntax. In particular, the explanation pursued in this monograph is based on feature inheritance, a syntactic derivational process, which was proposed in recent developments the Minimalist Program. The monograph shows that by studying diverse and creative word order patterns of code-switching, we are at a better disposal to understand how languages are parameterized similarly or differently in a given domain, which is the very topic that generative linguists have pursued for a long time.

The present volume seeks to contribute some studies to the subfield of Empirical Translation Studies and thus aid in extending its reach within the field of translation studies and thus in making our discipline more rigorous and fostering a reproducible research culture. The Translation in Transition conference series, across its editions in Copenhagen (2013), Germersheim (2015) and Ghent (2017), has been a major meeting point for scholars working with these aims in mind, and the conference in Barcelona (2019) has continued this tradition of expanding the sub-field of empirical translation studies to other paradigms within translation studies. This book is a collection of selected papers presented at that fourth Translation in Transition conference, held at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona on 19–20 September 2019.

The purpose of this book is to present recent studies in the field of multilingualism and L3, bringing together contributions from an international group of specialists from Austria, Canada, Germany, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, and United States. The main focuses of the articles are three: language acquisition, language learning and teaching.

A collection of theoretical and empirical articles from scholars of multilingualism and language acquisition makes the book a significant resource as the papers present a wide perspective from main theories to current issues, reflecting new trends in the field.

The authors focus on the heterogeneity and complexity that characterize third language acquisition, multilingual learning and teaching. As the issues addressed in this book intersect, it represents an asset and therefore the texts will be of great relevance for the scientific community.

Part I presents different topics of L3 acquisition, such as syntax, phonology, working memory and selective attention, and lexicon. Part II comprises texts that show how the research on language acquisition informs pedagogical issues. For instance, the role of the knowledge of previous languages in the teaching of L3, the attitudes of multilingual teachers to plurilingual approaches, and the benefits of crosslinguistic pedagogy versus classroom monolingual bias. In sequence, Part III consists of texts on individual learning strategies, such as motivation and attitudes, crosslinguistic awareness, and students’ perceptions about teachers’ “plurilingual nonnativism”.

Die Klimaschutzbewegung Extinction Rebellion (XR) bringt neben ihrem radikalen Protest durch zivilen Ungehorsam auch Narrative und Praktiken der Achtsamkeit zum Einsatz. Bewegungsinterne Leitlinien umfassen zahlreiche standardisierte und achtsamkeitsbasierte Gefühlsvorgaben und Selbsttechniken, die zum Zweck eines nachhaltigen Zusammenlebens vor allem das Wohlbefinden der Einzelnen forcieren. Diese subjektzentrierte Perspektive rückt vor dem Hintergrund von XRs politischem, an Gemeinwohl orientiertem Ansatz das gegenwärtig höchst populäre Gefühlsprogramm in ein neues Licht. Angesichts der soziologischen Kritik an der Achtsamkeit, die vorrangig deren Tendenz zur Entpolitisierung, Privatisierung und verstärkten Eigenverantwortung anprangert, wirft XRs neuartige, politisierte Rezeption zahlreiche Fragen auf. Der Beitrag zeigt daher anhand einer qualitativen Analyse von öffentlichen Dokumenten und Regelwerken, inwiefern die für ihre individualistische Disposition kritisierte Achtsamkeit in einem politischen Kontext eingesetzt wird und welche ambivalenten Folgen daraus sowohl für die Klimabewegung als auch das Konzept der Achtsamkeit selbst hervorgehen. Darauf aufbauend wird dargelegt, wie institutionalisierte Gefühlsprogramme in einer dezentral organisierten Bewegung ordnungsbildend und als Kontrollinstanz wirken können.

Nyakyusa is an underdescribed Bantu language spoken by around 800.000 speakers in the Mbeya Region of Tanzania. This book provides a detailled description of the verb in this language. The topics covered include the complex morphophonological and morphological processes as well as verb-to-verb derivation, copula verbs and grammaticalized verbs of motion. The main body of the book consists of a detailed description of tense, aspect and modality constructions, which includes not only an in-depth discussion of their sentence level semantics, but also of their patterns of employment in discourse.

This book deals with the phenomenon of third language (L3) acquisition. As a research field, L3 acquisition is established as a branch of multilingualism that is concerned with how multilinguals learn additional languages and the role that their multilingual background plays in the process of language learning. The volume points out some current directions in this particular research area with a number of studies that reveal the complexity of multilingual language learning and its typical variation and dynamics.

Prosody has been characterised as a "half-tamed savage" being shaped by both discrete, categorical aspects as well as gradient, continuous phenomena. This book is concerned with the relation of the "wild" and the "tamed" sides of prosodic prominence. It reviews problems that arise from a strict separation of categorical and continuous representations in models of phonetics and phonology, and it explores the potential role of descriptions aimed at reconciling the two domains. In doing so, the book offers an introduction to dynamical systems, a framework that has been studied extensively in the last decades to model speech production and perception. The reported acoustic and articulatory data presented in this book show that categorical and continuous modulations used to enhance prosodic prominence are deeply intertwined and even exhibit a kind of symbiosis. A multi-dimensional dynamical model of prosodic prominence is sketched, based on the empirical data, combining tonal and articulatory aspects of prosodic focus marking. The model demonstrates how categorical and continuous aspects can be inte- grated in a joint theoretical treatment that overcomes a strict separation of phonetics and phonology.

Using detailed establishment-level micro data, this paper analyzes for the German case the hypothesis by Aghion, Bergeaud, Boppart, Klenow, and Li (2019), stating that officially published figures for real output growth would be systematically understated. The effect rests on overstated inflation estimates due to imputed prices for disappearing goods and services varieties, where measurable plant entry and exit dynamics play a crucial rule. Our main results regarding understated real output growth lie in the range of 0:39 to 0:54 average annual percentage points for 1998-2016, which is quite closely in line with existing findings for France, the USA, and Japan (in different periods). We also find that services sectors appear most affected, and that the effect in East Germany is somewhat larger. We investigate different market share proxies, provide additional robustness analysis and also discuss limitations of the approach.

At play within Lewis Borck’s “Constructing the Future History: Prefiguration as Historical Epistemology and the Chronopolitics of Archaeology” (2019) and Cornelius Holtorf’s response, “Heritage Futures, Prefiguration and World Heritage” (2020) are ways to understand the future through our actions in the present. A response to these articles that considers heritage, climate change and the future should probably begin with impending doom, rising tides, shattering storms, a recent, heartfelt loss of cultural heritage. How do we understand a future that extends from this excruciating present without incorporating mechanisms for mourning?

Ein zentrales Ergebnis der Studie „100 Radical innovation breakthroughs for the future“ (RIBRI) (2019) ist die Annahme, dass zahlreiche Innovationen im Bereich „Künstlicher Intelligenz“ starke Auswirkungen auf die Weltwirtschaft und Gesellschaft haben werden. Diese Arbeit umfasst eine qualitative Untersuchung, bei der einer der Datensätze der RIBRI-Studie auf denk- und handlungsleitende, geteilte Orientierungsmuster hinsichtlich einer Zukunft mit „Künstlicher Intelligenz“ untersucht wird. Der für die Analyse genutzte Leitbildansatz der Forschungsgruppe Umweltbildung fand aufgrund zahlreicher Anforderungen an die benötigte Datengrundlage bisher nur bedingt Anwendung. In der Arbeit wird eine Modifizierung vorgeschlagen, die eine transparente, nachvollziehbare Erstellung von Leitbildern für Datengrundlagen ermöglicht, die keine Faktoren- und Clusteranalysen hergeben. Diese Arbeit versteht sich daher nicht nur als Analyse von vorliegenden „KI-Leitbildern“ im oben genannten Projekt „Radical Innovation Breakthrough Inquirer“, sondern vor allem als Beitrag zur Weiterentwicklung der Methoden der Zukunftsforschung.

Using new quarterly U.S. data for the past 120 years, I show that sudden reversals in equity and credit market sentiment approximated by several measures of corporate securities issuance are highly predictive of banking crises and recessions. Deviations in equity issuance from historical averages also help to explain economic activity over the business cycle. Crises and recessions often occur independently of domestic leverage, making the credit-to-GDP gap a deficient early-warning indicator historically. The fact that equity issuance reversals predict banking crises without elevated private credit levels, suggests that changes in investor sentiment can trigger financial crises even in the absence of underlying banking fragility.