This book explores the Agree operation and its morphological realisations (agreement and case), specifically focusing on the connection between Agree and other syntactic dependencies such as movement, binding and control. The chapters in this volume examine a diverse set of cross-linguistic phenomena involving agreement and case from a variety of theoretical perspectives, with a view to elucidating the nature of the abstract operations that underlie them. The phenomena discussed include backward control, passivisation, progressive aspectual constructions, extraction from nominals, possessives, relative clauses and the phasal status of PPs.

Synopsis:

Communication and content presents a comprehensive and foundational account of meaning based on new versions of situation theory and game theory. The literal and implied meanings of an utterance are derived from first principles assuming little more than the partial rationality of interacting agents. New analyses of a number of diverse phenomena – a wide notion of ambiguity and content encompassing phonetics, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and beyond, vagueness, convention and conventional meaning, indeterminacy, universality, the role of truth in communication, semantic change, translation, Frege’s puzzle of informative identities – are developed. Communication, speaker meaning, and reference are defined. Frege’s context and compositional principles are generalized and reconciled in a fixed-point principle, and a detailed critique of Grice, several aspects of Lewis, and some aspects of the Romantic conception of meaning are offered. Connections with other branches of linguistics, especially psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, historical linguistics, and natural language processing, are explored.

The syllable is a natural unit of organization in spoken language whose strongest cross-linguistic patterns are often explained in terms of a universal preference for the CV structure. Syllable patterns involving long sequences of consonants are both typologically rare and theoretically marginalized, with few approaches treating these as natural or unproblematic structures. This book is an investigation of the properties of languages with highly complex syllable patterns. The two aims are (i) to establish whether these languages share other linguistic features in common such that they constitute a distinct linguistic type, and (ii) to identify possible diachronic paths and natural mechanisms by which these patterns come about in the history of a language. These issues are investigated in a diversified sample of 100 languages, 25 of which have highly complex syllable patterns.

Since the hiring of its first Africanist linguist Carleton Hodge in 1964, Indiana University’s Department of Linguistics has had a strong and continuing presence in the study of African languages and linguistics through the work of its faculty and of its graduates on the faculties of many other universities. Research on African linguistics at IU has covered some of the major language groups spoken on the African continent. Carleton Hodge’s work on Ancient Egyptian and Hausa, Paul Newman’s work on Hausa and Chadic languages, and Roxanna Ma Newman’s work on Hausa language structure and pedagogy have been some of the most important studies on Afro-Asiatic linguistics. With respect to Niger-Congo languages, the work of Charles Bird on Bambara and the Mande languages, Robert Botne’s work on Bantu structure (especially tense and aspect), Samuel Obeng and Colin Painter’s work on Ghanaian Languages (phonetics, phonology, and pragmatics), Robert Port’s studies on Swahili, and Erhard Voeltz's studies on Bantu linguistics are considered some of the most influential studies in the sub-field. On Nilo Saharan languages, the work of Tim Shopen on Songhay stands out. IU Linguistics has also forwarded theoretical work on African languages, such as John Goldsmith’s seminal research on tone in African languages. The African linguistics faculty at IU have either founded or edited important journals in African Studies, African languages, and African linguistics, including Africa Today, Studies in African Linguistics, and Journal of African Languages and Linguistics.

In 1972, the Indiana University Department of Linguistics hosted the Third Annual Conference of African Linguistics. Proceedings of that conference were published by Indiana University Publications (African Series, vol. 7). In 1986, IU hosted the Seventeenth Annual Conference of African Linguistics with Paul Newman and Robert Botne editing the proceedings in a volume entitled Current Approaches to African Linguistics, vol. 5. In 2016, Indiana University hosted the 48th Annual Conference on African Linguistics with the theme African Linguistics Across the Disciplines. Proceedings of that meeting are published in this volume.

The papers presented in this volume reflect the diversity of opportunities for language study in Africa. This collection of descriptive and theoretical work is the fruit of data gathering both in-country and abroad by researchers of languages spoken across the continent, from Sereer-sin in the west to Somali in the northeast to Ikalanga in the south. The range of topics in this volume is also broad, representative of the varied field work in country and abroad that inspires research in African linguistics. This collection of papers spans the disciplines of phonology (both segmental and suprasegmental), morphology (both morphophonological and morphosyntactic), syntax, semantics, and language policy. The data and analyses presented in this volume offer a cross-disciplinary view of linguistic topics from the many under-resourced languages of Africa.

Am 23. April 1957 ließ Dr. Albert Schweitzer über Radio Oslo seinen „Appell an die Menschheit“ verbreiten. Der Aufruf zur atomaren Abrüstung wurde von vielen weiteren Radiostationen übernommen und bereits einen Tag später, am 24. April 1957, in der „New York Times“ veröffentlicht. Diese Ausstellung wurde 60 Jahre danach angefertigt, und erstmalig vom 24. April bis zum 24. September 2017 in der Peace Gallery des Anti-Kriegs-Museums (Berlin) präsentiert. Sie wurde von der Stiftung Deutsches Albert-Schweitzer-Zentrum Frankfurt/Main als Friedensausstellung bereits an vielen Orten gezeigt. Diese Ausstellung mit Texten von Dr. Albert Schweitzer thematisiert sein Engagement: 1.) gegen den Krieg prinzipiell, 2.) gegen Atomwaffen und den Atomkrieg, 3.) für die Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben.

Synopsis:

This book is an investigation into the grammar of Mehweb (Dargwa, East Caucasian also known as Nakh-Daghestanian) based on several years of team fieldwork. Mehweb is spoken in one village community in Daghestan, Russia, with a population of some 800 people, In many ways, Mehweb is a typical East Caucasian language: it has a rich inventory of consonants; an extensive system of spatial forms in nouns and converbs and volitional forms in verbs; pervasive gender-number agreement; and ergative alignment in case marking and in gender agreement. It is also a typical language of the Dargwa branch, with symmetrical verb inflection in the imperfective and perfective paradigm and extensive use of spatial encoding for experiencers. Although Mehweb is clearly close to the northern varieties of Dargwa, it has been long isolated from the main body of Dargwa varieties by speakers of Avar and Lak. As a result of both independent internal evolution and contact with its neighbours, Mehweb developed some deviant properties, including accusatively aligned egophoric agreement, a split in the feminine class, and the typologically rare grammatical categories of verificative and apprehensive. But most importantly, Mehweb is where our friends live.

Synopsis:

The many facets of grammatical gender remain one of the most fruitful areas of linguistic research, and pose fascinating questions about the origins and development of complexity in language. The present work is a two-volume collection of 13 chapters on the topic of grammatical gender seen through the prism of linguistic complexity. The contributions discuss what counts as complex and/or simple in grammatical gender systems, whether the distribution of gender systems across the world’s languages relates to the language ecology and social history of speech communities. Contributors demonstrate how the complexity of gender systems can be studied synchronically, both in individual languages and over large cross-linguistic samples, and diachronically, by exploring how gender systems change over time. In addition to three chapters on the theoretical foundations of gender complexity, volume one contains six chapters on grammatical gender and complexity in individual languages and language families of Africa, New Guinea, and South Asia.

This volume is complemented by volume two, which consists of three chapters providing diachronic and typological case studies, followed by a final chapter discussing old and new theoretical and empirical challenges in the study of the dynamics of gender complexity.

Synopsis:

The many facets of grammatical gender remain one of the most fruitful areas of linguistic research, and pose fascinating questions about the origins and development of complexity in language. The present work is a two-volume collection of 13 chapters on the topic of grammatical gender seen through the prism of linguistic complexity. The contributions discuss what counts as complex and/or simple in grammatical gender systems, whether the distribution of gender systems across the world’s languages relates to the language ecology and social history of speech communities. Contributors demonstrate how the complexity of gender systems can be studied synchronically, both in individual languages and over large cross-linguistic samples, and diachronically, by exploring how gender systems change over time. Volume two consists of three chapters providing diachronic and typological case studies, followed by a final chapter discussing old and new theoretical and empirical challenges in the study of the dynamics of gender complexity.

This volume is preceded by volume one, which, in addition to three chapters on the theoretical foundations of gender complexity, contains six chapters on grammatical gender and complexity in individual languages and language families of Africa, New Guinea, and South Asia.

This volume seeks to infer large phylogenetic networks from phonetically encoded lexical data and contribute in this way to the historical study of language varieties. The technical step that enables progress in this case is the use of causal inference algorithms. Sample sets of words from language varieties are preprocessed into automatically inferred cognate sets, and then modeled as information-theoretic variables based on an intuitive measure of cognate overlap. Causal inference is then applied to these variables in order to determine the existence and direction of influence among the varieties. The directed arcs in the resulting graph structures can be interpreted as reflecting the existence and directionality of lexical flow, a unified model which subsumes inheritance and borrowing as the two main ways of transmission that shape the basic lexicon of languages. A flow-based separation criterion and domain-specific directionality detection criteria are developed to make existing causal inference algorithms more robust against imperfect cognacy data, giving rise to two new algorithms. The Phylogenetic Lexical Flow Inference (PLFI) algorithm requires lexical features of proto-languages to be reconstructed in advance, but yields fully general phylogenetic networks, whereas the more complex Contact Lexical Flow Inference (CLFI) algorithm treats proto-languages as hidden common causes, and only returns hypotheses of historical contact situations between attested languages. The algorithms are evaluated both against a large lexical database of Northern Eurasia spanning many language families, and against simulated data generated by a new model of language contact that builds on the opening and closing of directional contact channels as primary evolutionary events. The algorithms are found to infer the existence of contacts very reliably, whereas the inference of directionality remains difficult. This currently limits the new algorithms to a role as exploratory tools for quickly detecting salient patterns in large lexical datasets, but it should soon be possible for the framework to be enhanced e.g. by confidence values for each directionality decision.

Research in linguistics, as in most other scientific domains, is usually approached in a modular way – narrowing the domain of inquiry in order to allow for increased depth of study. This is necessary and productive for a topic as wide-ranging and complex as human language. However, precisely because language is a complex system, tied to perception, learning, memory, and social organization, the assumption of modularity can also be an obstacle to understanding language at a deeper level. This book examines the consequences of enforcing non-modularity along two dimensions: the temporal, and the cognitive. Along the temporal dimension, synchronic and diachronic domains are linked by the requirement that sound changes must lead to viable, stable language states. Along the cognitive dimension, sound change and variation are linked to speech perception and production by requiring non-trivial transformations between acoustic and articulatory representations.

The methodological focus of this work is on computational modeling. By formalising and implementing theoretical accounts, modeling can expose theoretical gaps and covert assumptions. To do so, it is necessary to formally assess the functional equivalence of specific implementational choices, as well as their mapping to theoretical structures. This book applies this analytic approach to a series of implemented models of sound change. As theoretical inconsistencies are discovered, possible solutions are proposed, incrementally constructing a set of sufficient properties for a working model. Because internal theoretical consistency is enforced, this model corresponds to an explanatorily adequate theory. And because explicit links between modules are required, this is a theory, not only of sound change, but of many aspects of phonological competence.

The book highlights two aspects of modeling work that receive relatively little attention: the formal mapping from model to theory, and the scalability of demonstration models. Focusing on these aspects of modeling makes it clear that any theory of sound change in the specific is impossible without a more general theory of language: of the relationship between perception and production, the relationship between phonetics and phonology, the learning of linguistic units, and the nature of underlying representations. Theories of sound change that do not explicitly address these aspects of language are making tacit, untested assumptions about their properties. Addressing so many aspects of language may seem to complicate the linguist's task. However, as this book shows, it actually helps impose boundary conditions of ecological validity that reduce the theoretical search space.

Technische Innovationen wie die Eisenverhüttung bedurften zu ihrer Ausbreitung grundlegender natürlicher Ressourcen und handwerklicher Fähigkeiten sowie gesellschaftlicher Akzeptanz und Notwendigkeit. Der vorliegende Band untersucht die Anfänge der Eisenverhüttung im polnischen Raum im Bereich der Przeworsk-Kultur, die in der jüngeren vorrömischen Eisenzeit im 2. Jh. v. Chr. liegen sollen. Die Untersuchung bewegt sich dabei in einem Spannungsfeld zwischen vielfältigen Nachweisen von Eisenobjekten aus Gräbern und möglichen Belegen einer Eisenverhüttung im polnischen Raum. Nach aktuellem Forschungsstand ist die Herkunt des Eisens in der vorrömischen Przeworsk-Kultur jedoch nicht mit einer ausgeprägten lokalen oder regionalen Eisenproduktion zu verbinden, sondern basiert vielmehr auf Kommunikations- und Austauschnetzwerken sowohl auf intrakultureller als auch auf interkultureller Ebene vor allem zur Latènekultur. Erst mit dem Übergang zur römischen Kaiserzeit verdichten sich die Nachweise für den Beginn einer weiträumigen Eisenproduktion in Schlesien und Masowien. Dabei ist diese verstärkt einsetzende Eisenverhüttung ab der frühen römischen Kaiserzeit kein isoliertes Phänomen im Bereich der Przeworsk-Kultur, sondern eine Entwicklung, die sich in vielen Regionen des Barbaricums abzeichnet.

With this paper, we present exemplary results of the Topoi A-6-6 Project „The economic landscape of the Hellenistic, Roman and Late Antique Bithynia. Iznik intensive survey project“ (2013–2016), focusing on the hinterland of Nikaia/Nicaea/Iznik during the Hellenistic, Roman and Late Antique periods. For this study we used a body of integrated landscape archaeological methods including remote sensing techniques, archaeomorphological analysis, and extensive and intensive fieldwork in test areas, as well as GIS-based mapping and spatial analysis.

La comparación “El Niño Costero” de Lima y la “Crisis del Agua” de La Paz permite establecer generalizaciones útiles para la comprensión de los desafíos de la adaptación al cambio climático (CC) en ciudades del sur global. El estudio plantea que 1) la adaptación al CC comienza con un cambio de perspectiva desde un horizonte que percibe a la realidad como lo conocido, a una mirada desde la incertidumbre; 2) tanto en Lima como en La Paz, el desastre tuvo un carácter sistémico con encadenamiento: temporal, social, institucional y político; 3) la relación entre desastre relacionado al cambio climático e incremento de desigualdades que afectan a la cohesión social de la ciudad; 4) la importancia de la fortaleza de la democracia como condición para el carácter transformativo de la adaptación.

Weltweit hat die Inanspruchnahme von Ressourcen in letzten Jahrzehnten kontinuierlich zugenommen, dieser Trend wird absehbar auch weiter zunehmen. Länder mit hohen Einkommen weisen dabei die mit Abstand höchsten Bedarfe auf. Wenn in anderen Teilen der Welt die Res-sourcennutzung mit wachsendem Einkommen gleichermaßen zunimmt, wäre dies mit erheblichen ökologischen und sozialen Folgewirkungen verbunden. In Deutschland konnte zwar eine relative Entkopplung der Gesamtrohstoffproduktivität erreicht werden, eine absolute Entkopplung mit sinkender Rohstoffinanspruchnahme blieb bislang jedoch aus. Auf Grundlage der Analysen des Projektes „Politiken zur Stärkung des Deutschen Ressourceneffizienzprogramms“ (PolRess II) werden in diesem Bericht Optionen für die Weiterentwicklung der deutschen Ressourcenpolitik aufgezeigt und deren mögliche Vor- und Nachteile diskutiert. Es zeigen sich verschiedene und teils konkurrierende Schwerpunktsetzungen der beteiligten Akteure: Umweltakteure stellen regelmäßig die Notwendigkeit einer Ressourcenschonung heraus und fordern entsprechendes Handeln, während wirtschaftspolitische Akteure Innovation und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit durch Ressourceneffizienz betonen. Bisher ist der Strategieprozess des deutschen Ressourceneffizienzprogramms (ProgRess) integrativ und (minimal)konsensorientiert ausgerichtet und orientiert sich dabei an Förderungen sowie informatorischen und freiwilligen Instrumenten. Vor diesem Hintergrund steht die deutsche Ressourcenpolitik vor zwei grundsätzlichen Optionen (mit vielen möglichen Abstufungen). Sie könnte einerseits den bisherigen kooperativen Ansatz als Ressourceneffizienzstrategie vertiefen, den thematischen Zuschnitt beibehalten, das bisherige Zielsystem ggf. sukzessive um materialspezifische Ziele ergänzen und den Strategieprozess punktuell stärken. Andererseits könnte bei einer Umorientierung zu einer Ressourcenschonungsstrategie der thematische Zuschnitt um weitere natürliche Ressourcen erweitert werden, eine absolute Entkopplung der Wirtschaftsleistung von der Ressourceninanspruchnahme oder gar Obergrenzen der Ressourcennutzung angestrebt werden. Die entsprechende Instrumentierung würde vermehrt auf Ordnungsrecht und ökonomische Instrumente setzen. Für diese Option erscheinen die gegenwärtigen Prozesse und Institutionen, in denen Ressourcenpolitik entwickelt wird, jedoch nicht ausreichend durchsetzungsstark. Vielmehr scheint dafür ein externer Impuls von Nöten, bspw. aus dem Bereich Klimaschutz, von politscher Seite, anderen politischen Ebenen wie der EU oder aus der Zivilgesellschaft.

Ein moderner und nachhaltiger Sozialstaat braucht eine gesunde Mischung aus staatlicher Fürsorge und Eigenverantwortung. Die Hartz-Reformen versuchten, die richtige Mischung mit dem Prinzip des Förderns und Forderns in der Grundsicherung herzustellen. Zahlreiche Menschen sind seither nicht mehr länger auf staatliche Fürsorge angewiesen, sondern können wieder für sich selbst zu sorgen. Doch zeigen sich zunehmend auch Schwächen eines in die Jahre gekommenen Grundsicherungssystems, insbesondere an den Schnittstellen zwischen seinen unterschiedlichen Instrumenten. In dieser Arbeit wird eine neue Grundsicherungsarchitektur entwickelt, die das vorhandene Instrumentarium der Sozialpolitik besser nutzt und aufeinander abstimmt. Sie setzt dabei an einer ursachenorientierten Existenzsicherung an. Drei Eckpunkte charakterisieren das neue System. (1) Eine zu versteuernde Kindergrundsicherung, die Familien stärker als bislang unterstützt, (2) eine Wohnbedarfssicherung und (3) eine Regelbedarfssicherung für Erwerbsfähige. Die neuen Grundsicherungsleistungen sind so miteinander verzahnt, dass die Schnittstellenprobleme nicht mehr auftreten und zugleich der Anreiz zur Selbsthilfe gegenüber dem jetzigen System deutlich gestärkt wird.

Throughout millennia people have created place from within space by using an array of different types of signs in a multitude of different environments. Signs that can give insights into the very different ways in which ancient people have interacted with their natural surroundings and how they included it into their social and ideological realms. Within this volume we focus on di erent implementations of the concept of signs and place and the broad fi eld of meanings, associations, and defi nitions these interrelated terms cover. In so doing, the papers in this volume explore how different kinds of visual signs were positioned within the physical and morphological features of the landscape; how the landscape was chosen or modifi ed to accommodate them; what value or information these signs provided for the place in which they were created; and how they have been socially, culturally, and spiritually appropriated over time.

Ziel dieser Studie ist es zu zeigen, wie Boethius von Anfang an die Funktion der Logik an die durch sie gewonnenen Fertigkeiten knüpft, über Argumentationen gewonnenes Wissen zu prüfen und mithilfe von Argumentationen ausgehend von anerkannten Einsichten neues Wissen zu vermitteln. Die Methode der argumentativen Wissensvermittlung, wie Boethius sie in seinen Texten zur Topik, die zu den letzten Schriften seines Schaffens zählen, entwickelt, steht im Fokus der vorliegenden Untersuchung. Dabei soll detailliert nachvollzogen werden, wie nach Boethius einer Argumentation (argumentatio) „Kraft“ (vis bzw. virtus) und damit der Wissensvermittlung größtmögliche Glaubwürdigkeit verliehen werden kann (fidem facere). Zusätzlich wird eine Vorstellung verschiedener Argumentationsstrategien der Consolatio Philosophiae einen Einblick gewähren, wie sich Boethius eine Umsetzung seiner Theorie auch in literarischen und außerschulischen Wissensvermittlungspraktiken vorstellte.