This volume includes (a) papers dealing with theoretical and realistic frameworks helpful to understanding interaction in Antiquity and (b) papers elaborating on the history and nature of interaction or evidence of interaction in the East Mediterranean/Levantine/Egyptian region, taking account of most of the history from the early 2nd millennium BC to the 1st millennium AD. In the choice of papers, one aim was to offer input into a growing discussion about theoretical approaches taking account of different kinds of exchange and contact in Antiquity. Another aim was to include material which offers actual evidence (of prices and materials) demonstrating the parameters of exchange – without constraining the presentation by a theoretical approach, while offering stimulus to such.

This paper introduces key concepts of network theory and analysis, and their relevance to archaeological research. The framework is compared to alternative approaches, in particular World-Systems Theory (WST) and its offshoot, World-Systems Analysis (WSA). After reviewing both strengths and weaknesses of a networks perspective through relevant examples, the discussion highlights potential developments for understanding cultural connectivity with particular reference to social complexity.

Boundaries, limits and frontiers are topics of special interest to those involved in studying interconnectivity among different societies, both past and present. World-Systems Analysis (WSA), derived from World-Systems Theory (WST) is a macro-theoretical perspective which allows approaching interconnectivity in the long-term and in broad territorial scenarios. In this contribution I shall reappraise the key concepts of the original WST, the main theoretical discussions related to WSA, and the incidence of these theoretical approaches in Bronze Age Afro-Eurasian studies.

Empires require a functional infrastructure and sustaining resources, but there are many ways in which these can be achieved, and they have implications for the stability and persistence of imperial systems. This paper will compare and contrast key aspects of Mediterranean empires. It begins with the territorial states of Mycenaean Greece, which may or may not have formed a loose federal empire, then progresses through the Early Roman Empire to that of Late Roman antiquity, the Byzantine Empire, and ends with the Early then Late Ottoman Empire. Political structure, demography and economy will be given particular attention.

Boundaries are a complex topic, with different categories being distinguishable depending on the language and with a number of terms often used interchangeably. This discussion paper offers an overview on definitions and introduces different types of boundaries such as geographic, political and social. Drawing on disciplines as varied as border studies, international relations, post-/decolonial thought, and on examples from anthropological fieldwork, insights can be derived for archaeological approaches. In this context, the role of boundaries in the dynamic construction of ethnic identities is highlighted. A discussion of ancient Egyptian terms and concepts of political boundaries underlines the comparative potential of studies in premodern political thought and lived experience.

This chapter presents the idea of integrating central place and central flow theory in order to gain a deeper understanding of economic interactions, ranging from the local to the supra-regional scale. Central place theory is suitable to describe the local exchange relationships between settlements and their hinterland. Central flow theory puts forward the idea of cooperation of specific agents. These agents create new work due to the substitution of imports; an inter-settlement interaction between these agents creates a network of goodand information exchange. Hence, both concepts should be regarded as complementary since they describe two important aspects of the characteristics of places: the relationships to their hinterland and the integration of its people into networks of exchange.

This article studies water transport in southern Mesopotamia and along the Middle Euphrates. Based on the author’s PhD thesis of 2002 with the addition of new material we discuss transported goods, boat sizes, the organization of transport and the cost particularly in the 2nd millennium. Based on established documented prices, a comparison with the costs of overland transport is attempted. In the appendix, three hitherto unpublished ‘tax passes’ from Babylonia similar to those known from the Mari archives are published for the first time.

Political and economic networks which linked societies from the Levant to Nubia during the 2nd millennium BC were integrated as a world-system, fluctuating from a coreperiphery differentiation (ca. 2000 to 1800 BC) to a core-periphery hierarchy (ca. 1530 to 1200 BC) through a disruptive process which took place ca. 1800 to 1530 BC. This paper approaches this disruptive process, probably triggered by a legitimacy crisis in the core area. Disruption resulted in the emergence of a multiple independent cores; and also revealed local cultural features and practices. Despite the difficulties posed by the evidence, an attempt to analyse the relationships these political entities sustained is made.

Interaction in Mediterranean protohistory is generally considered via the core-periphery model, with greater influence being ascribed to the complex polities of the eastern Mediterranean than to those of the Aegean and central Mediterranean. This is despite archaeological evidence attesting that they actively participated in material and cultural exchanges. In this paper, we focus on Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece, reflecting on their interaction spheres and on the meaning of ‘central’ and ‘peripheral’ places. We consider two case studies: Thera and the Aeolian Islands. These islands functioned as maritime hubs in both inter-regional and regional networks. We propose a model of ‘cycles of integration’, as a more accurate and less static representation of interaction.

The history and distribution of Bronze Age Mediterranean stone anchors reflect the trade routes, and probably that of copper in particular. Although generally associated with the eastern Mediterranean, they are found farther afield – and, although their usage in the late second millennium BC may well have been largely commercial, the origins of the anchors may lie in the activities of the Egyptian state. There is thus an historical development as well as a distribution pattern. Aligning this archaeological evidence with the various models on offer is a challenge or an opening, as the material is mute and open to discussion.

After Theoderic the Great had effectively taken the place of the Western Roman Emperor, he based his border defence on late Roman designs, but adapted it to the new situation he faced. While claiming Raetia and Noricum for his realm he established little direct presence, relying on local troops and a shadow of hierarchy. This contributed to the northern border being fuzzy. Contrasting this with the Balkans border highlights the effect a direct presence of Theoderic’s troops had in the long run. The attempt to establish clear borders against opposition from the Eastern Roman Empire forced many local powers to realign their allegiances. Whereas the fuzziness of the northern border stabilized the region, the clear but contested borders on the Balkans eventually destabilized the region.

Between 300 BCE and 1800 CE, Indian Ocean commerce was managed by traders who bridged exchange networks across the edges and peripheries of empires and interaction spheres through trader alliance networks (TAN). Using Network Theory, we hypothesize that TAN were characterized by high Triadic Closure and relatively little political influence between 300 BCE–1400 CE, and shifted to Brokerage and high political influence after 1400 CE. These shifts and their impacts are tested through archaeological data from the Indian Ocean ports of Chaul, India, and Mtwapa, Kenya. These shifts enable understanding the emergence and impact of trader lobbies, pressure groups, and ‘Great Firms’ as global power brokers, and the rise of Predatory Commerce after 1600 CE that continues to this date.

Wanderungsbewegungen gehören zu den zentralen Gegenständen historischer Forschung und Darstellung. Sie fungieren als historische Wegmarken oder Epochenschwellen und spielen eine zentrale Rolle bei der (Trans-) Formation von Räumen und kollektiven Identitäten. Dabei weisen moderne wissenschaftliche Darstellungen von Wanderungsbewegungen aus unterschiedlichen Kontexten, Zeiten und Räumen erstaunliche inhaltliche Ähnlichkeiten und analoge Erzählmuster auf, die sich keineswegs durch vermeintliche Parallelen in den dargestellten Ereignissen erklären lassen. Vielmehr scheinen diese ihren Hintergrund in der Art und Weise zu haben, wie Migrationen dargestellt und erzählt werden. Die Beiträge des vorliegenden Bandes decken ein breites Spektrum vornehmlich altertumswissenschaftlicher Disziplinen ab und vermögen zu zeigen, dass noch die jüngere Wanderungshistoriographie tradierten Erzählmustern folgt, die teilweise bis in die Antike zurückreichen.

Getting others to do things is a central part of social interaction in any human society. Language is our main tool for this purpose. In this book, we show that sequences of interaction in which one person’s behaviour solicits or occasions another’s assistance or collaboration share common structural properties that provide a basis for the systematic comparison of this domain across languages. The goal of this comparison is to uncover similarities and differences in how language and other conduct are used in carrying out social action around the world, including different kinds of requests, orders, suggestions, and other actions brought together under the rubric of recruitment.

Temporary employees rank lower than permanent employees on various measures of mental and physical health, including well-being. In parallel, much research has shown that the relationship between age and well-being traces an approximate U-shape, with a nadir in midlife. Temporary employment may well have different associations with well-being across the lifespan, likely harming people in midlife more than at the start of their working lives. Using over twenty years of the German Socio-economic panel (SOEP), this investigation considers the relationship between temporary employment, age and well-being. In doing so, it both sheds new light on the relationship between temporary employment and well-being, and explores a reason for the oft-found U-shaped relationship between age and well-being. The results show that temporary employment deepens the U-shape in midlife, and that this result holds when many socioeconomic factors as well as the industry, region, cohort, personality, employment security and job worries are taken into account. Furthermore, the investigation considers transitions between permanent and temporary employment and uses these to assess causation and selection.

Ce livre présente le système participatif "La-Grammaire-du-FLE" , qui met à la disposition des utilisatrices et utilisateurs :

- des ouvrages imprimés : les livres eGrammaire et Grammaire participative couvrant l'ensemble de la grammaire du FLE, des ouvrages sur la phonétique. (phonèmes, intonation, correction phonétique). En outre, elle présente des ouvrages spécialisés sur l'emploi des temps, la valence verbale, l'orthographe et l'accord du participe. - Le site https://www.la-grammaire-du-fle.com , qui peut être utilisé gratuitement, et qui comprend des modules accompagnant chacun des livres, et offrant des documents utiles, des leçons d'apprentissage en autonomie, des exercices et des tests auto-corrigés, des conseils pour l'apprentissage, d'autres pour l'organisation de l'enseignement. Le tout constitue un système capable de seconder l'enseignante dans son enseignement, prodiguant des conseils, offrants des modules pour accompagner le travail des apprenants dans le cours (feuilles de route) ainsi que le travail en autonomie. L'enseignante peut en profiter pour diversifier ses méthodes, selon les cas. Le public visé : les enseignantes de FLE et les futures enseignantes, les apprenants de niveau B2 au moins.

Die Pfadabhängigkeitstheorie hat seit ihrer Entwicklung eine immense Erweiterung ihres Anwendungsgebietes erfahren. Mitte der 80er Jahre noch zur Erklärung von Sonderphänomenen in der neoklassischen Ökonomie erfunden, hat sich die Theorie inzwischen zu einem über die Wirtschaftswissenschaften hinausgehenden Ansatz zur Erklärung der Dialektik von Kontinuität und Wandel auch in der Zukunftsforschung etabliert. Dabei ist jedoch die konzeptionelle Weiterentwicklung der Theorie zu großen Teilen auf der Strecke geblieben – die Differenziertheit der Theorie wird ihren komplexen Anwendungsgebieten nicht gerecht. Auch ist keine klare Linie zu erkennen, dass sich spätere Autor*Innen auf frühere beziehen und deren Beiträge und Kritik nutzen. Diese Arbeit ist der Versuch einer Aufarbeitung. Dafür werden die Beiträge der deutschsprachigen Diskussion zur Theorie gesichtet, geordnet und kritisiert, um anschließend einen eigenen Beitrag anzuschließen. In Anlehnung an Jürgen Beyer, der in seiner Publikation „Pfadabhängigkeit ist nicht gleich Pfadabhängigkeit!“ vorschlägt, die stabilitätssichernden Effekte der Theorie zu differenzieren, wird vorgeschlagen, auch die Pfade und deren Pfadzusammenhänge zu differenzieren. Dafür wird das Vokabular von drei weiteren Konzepten fruchtbar gemacht, die sich mit Wandel auseinandersetzen: die Causal Layered Analysis von Sohail Inayatullah, die Multi-Level-Perspective nach Frank Geels und die longue durée von Fernand Braudel. Die Arbeit schließt mit ersten Anwendungsexperimenten der neu sortierten und differenzierten Pfadabhängigkeitstheorie.

Jacob Wackernagel’s 1892 essay on second-position enclitics in the Indo-European languages has long been hailed as groundbreaking in both historical and theoretical linguistics. Until now, however, it has only been available in the original German. This book provides a full translation into English, including glossed and translated examples from several early Indo-European languages and varieties and full bibliographical details of the references drawn upon, as well as a new edition of the German original. It should be of interest to researchers in historical and Indo-European linguistics and in general linguistics working on the interfaces between morphology, prosody and syntax.

Wie in vielen anderen Sprachen der Welt hat sich auch im Deutschen der Definitartikel aus einem adnominal gebrauchten Demonstrativum herausgebildet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird dieser funktionale Wandel, der sich vornehmlich in der althochdeutschen Sprachperiode (750–1050 n. Chr.) abspielte, erstmals computergestützt und mit korpuslinguistischen Methoden anhand der fünf größten ahd. Textdenkmäler aus dem Referenzkorpus Altdeutsch rekonstruiert. Dabei wird die Entwicklung des Definitartikels als Konstruktionalisierung der Struktur [dër + N] begriffen: Das ursprüngliche Demonstrativum dër verliert seine zeigende Bedeutung und erschließt neue Gebrauchskontexte, in denen die eindeutige Identifizierbarkeit des Referenten auch unabhängig von der Gesprächssituation gewährleistet ist. In der Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass diese Kontextexpansion maßgeblich von der kognitiv-linguistischen Kategorie Belebtheit beeinflusst wird.

The expression of knowledge in language (i.e. epistemicity) consists of a number of distinct notions and proposed categories that are only partly related to a well explored forms like epistemic modals. The aim of the volume is therefore to contribute to the ongoing exploration of epistemic marking systems in lesser-documented languages from the Americas, Papua New Guinea, and Central Asia from the perspective of language description and cross-linguistic comparison. As the title of the volume suggests, part of this exploration consists of situating already established notions (such as evidentiality) with the diversity of systems found in individual languages. Epistemic forms that feature in the present volume include ones that signal how speakers claim knowledge based on perceptual-cognitive access (evidentials); the speaker’s involvement as a basis for claiming epistemic authority (egophorics); the distribution of knowledge between the speech-participants where the speaker signals assumptions about the addressee’s knowledge of an event as either shared, or non-shared with the speaker (engagement marking).