Vor dem Hintergrund des stetig wachsenden Anteils des E-Commerce am gesamten Business-To-Consumer Handelsaufkommen wird die Frage untersucht, wie die Umwelt- und Ressourcenwirkungen im Vergleich zum stationären Handel zu bewerten sind. Dazu werden die in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zur Verfügung stehenden Studien ausgewertet, verglichen und eingeordnet. Entsprechend der Studienlage liegt der Fokus dabei auf den Umweltwirkungen des entstehenden Verkehrsaufkommens, der Verpackung, der Retouren, der Liegenschaften (Ladengeschäfte und Logistikzentren) sowie potenziellen Wachstums- und indirekten Reboundeffekten. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass entgegen der weitläufigen Einschätzung, die Umweltwirkungen des E-Commerce gegenüber dem stationären Handel nicht notwendigerweise größer sind. Studien, welche den Handelszyklus gesamtheitlich betrachten, zeigen jedoch, dass die Umweltwirkungen des Onlinehandels in der Mehrzahl der Szenarien negativer ausfallen als im stationären Handel. Insbesondere ausschlaggebend dafür ist die Warenkorbgröße des Einkaufs, gefolgt von der gewählten Fortbewegungsart im stationären Handel bzw. der Lieferungsart sowie der Verpackungsmenge und -art. Außerdem relevant ist die Energieeffizienz der Ladengeschäfte bzw. Logistikzentren. Studien, die über den üblichen Fokus auf transportbedingte Umweltwirkungen hinaus auch indirekte Effekte betrachten, zeigen, dass erhebliche Umweltwirkungen auch aus der gewonnen Zeit durch E-Commerce Bestellungen entstehen können. Aus diesen Erkenntnissen werden komplementäre Ansätze für Konsumierende, Handel sowie Politik herausgearbeitet, welche die Umweltwirkungen der beiden Handelswege verbessern können.

Dieses Papier diskutiert mögliche Inhalte einer freiwilligen Selbstverpflichtung des Bausektors, die zum Ziel hat, das Baustoffrecycling und den Einsatz von Sekundärbaustoffen zu stärken.

In Deutschland werden jährlich Sande, Kiese und Natursteine in einer Größenordnung von etwa 500 Mio. Tonnen für heimische Bauaktivitäten verwendet. Gleichzeitig bilden mineralische Bauabfälle den größten Abfallstrom. Sekundärbaustoffe werden bislang überwiegend im Rahmen eines Downcyclings eingesetzt, beispielsweise als Straßenuntergrund, Tragschicht unter Gebäuden oder Verfüllung von Baugruben.

Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht die Analyse erstens, wie das Baustoffrecycling in Deutschland weiter ausgebaut und professionalisiert werden kann. Zweitens gehen wir der Frage nach, was geändert werden muss, damit insbesondere im Hochbau mehr hochwertige Sekundärbaustoffe eingesetzt werden. Die Analyse basiert auf Interviews mit Akteuren aus den Bereichen Recycling und Entsorgung von Bauabfällen, Zertifizierung von Baustoffen, sowie aus der Baustoffindustrie, dem Baustoffgewerbe und der öffentlichen Hand.

Neben konkreten Vorschlägen für eine freiwillige Selbstverpflichtung des Bausektors werden weitere Maßnahmen aufgezeigt, die als Teil eines Politikmixes die Kreislaufführung von mineralischen Baustoffen stärken können.

Die Vertiefungsanalyse „Ressourcenschutz in der umweltfreundlichen öffentlichen Beschaffung“ von Andreas Hermann (2018) untersucht die rechtlichen Ansatzpunkte, mit denen die Politik den Ressourcenschutz in der umweltfreundlichen Beschaffung in Deutschland stärken kann. Untersucht werden die Beschaffungsfelder „Bau und Unterhalt von Straßen“, „Bauen und Wohnen“ sowie „IT-Produkte“. Dazu werden die umweltbezogenen Beschaffungskriterien zum Ressourcenschutz analysiert, die die EU selbst veröffentlicht hat sowie die nationalen Kriterien in Deutschland und den Niederlanden. Der Überblick zeigt, dass es sich bei den untersuchten Umweltkriterien zum Ressourcenschutz um nicht rechtsverbindliche „Empfehlungen“ an die öffentlichen Beschaffungsstellen handelt. Soll die Nutzung in der Praxis forciert werden, ist in ProgRess III zu prüfen, ob und welche Kriterien auch verpflichtend im deutschen Beschaffungsrecht vorgeschrieben werden. Bei der Beschaffung von IT-Produkten werden derzeit nur umweltfreundliche Beschaffungskriterien für die Verbesserung der Produktlebensdauer (z. B. Design für Haltbarkeit, Reparierbarkeit und Nachrüstung) empfohlen. Denn Kriterien und Nachweismöglichkeiten für den umweltschonenden Abbau und die Weiterverarbeitung der mineralischen Rohstoffe, die in den IT-Produkten enthalten sind, existieren nicht. Um auch den umweltschonenden Abbau von Rohstoffen in der Beschaffung zu berücksichtigen, sollte die Politik und Forschung die Standardisierung von Umweltkriterien vorantreiben.

Bislang können in Deutschland nur Reparaturdienstleistungen von der Einkommenssteuer abgesetzt werden können, die im unmittelbaren räumlichen Zusammenhang zum Haushalt erbracht werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht die Kurzanalyse „Steuerliche Abzugsfähigkeit von Reparaturdienstleistungen: Optionen und Folgen“ politische Ansatzpunkte, um die Anreize für Reparaturen auszuweiten. Dabei konzentriert sich die Studie auf die Möglichkeit, auch Werkstattreparaturen steuerlich zu begünstigen oder den Prozentsatz anzuheben, zu dem sich Aufwendungen von der Einkommenssteuer abziehen lassen. Nach einer Abschätzung, für welche Produkte diese Maßnahmen ein Potential zur Steigerung der Reparaturtätigkeit bedeuten könnte, analysiert das Papier die ökonomischen und ökologischen Effekte sowie mögliche nicht-intendierte Verteilungswirkungen. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass andere Maßnahmen, wie bspw. eine Mehrwertsteuerreduktion auf Reparaturdienstleistungen mehr Menschen erreichen und direkter wirken würde. Ferner spielen für den Erfolg steuerlicher Vergünstigungen weitere Faktoren eine Rolle, wie z. B. ein ausreichender Wettbewerb auf den Märkten für Reparaturdienstleistungen.

In der Kurzanalyse werden bestehende ex-post Evaluationen von Abgaben auf Primärbaustoffe in Großbritannien, Schweden, Dänemark sowie Estland ausgewertet. Die ersten drei Länderbeispiele zeigen, dass diese Abgaben insbesondere im Zusammenspiel mit weiteren Politikinstrumenten ökologische Lenkungswirkung entfalten können. Diese weiteren wechselwirkenden Politikinstrumente umfassen Deponieabgaben, Steuerung von Abbaugenehmigungen, gesetzlichen Vorgaben an Materialrückgewinnung und Substitutionsmaterial sowie öffentlicher Beschaffung. Auf diesem Weg kann der ressourcenschonendere Umgang mit Primärbaustoffen substanziell gefördert werden. Der Fall Estland zeigt hingegen, dass aufgrund mangelnder Transparenz des Abgabenanstiegs, fehlender F&E Anreize für die Baustoffindustrie und mutmaßlich auch fehlender komplementärer Instrumente keine ökologische Lenkungswirkung erzielt werden konnte. Hinsichtlich der ökonomischen Kosten-Effektivität und Effizienz der Abgaben finden sich wenige Auswertungen für die vier betrachteten Fälle. Die bestehenden Befunde hierzu sind durchwachsen und es wird an mehreren Stellen deutlich, dass Effizienzeinbußen zu Gunsten von Administrierbarkeit hingenommen wurden. Regressive Wirkungen der Abgaben wurden nicht verzeichnet, in erster Linie aufgrund der geringen Volumina der Abgaben gemessen an den Gesamtkosten eines Bauvorhabens.

Es ist weiterhin anzumerken, dass die bestehenden Evaluationen auf einem eher basalen methodischen Niveau durchgeführt wurden und die Datenlage bei der Erzeugung und Verwendung von Recyclingbaustoffen im Ländervergleich Uneindeutigkeiten aufweist. Dennoch zeigt der Anteil von lediglich 12% Sekundärbaustoffen an allen verwendeten Baustoffen in Deutschland 2014 insbesondere im Vergleich mit Großbritannien (21%) Verbesserungspotenziale auf. Des Weiteren wurden von den insgesamt recycelten Baustoffen in Deutschland 2014 lediglich knapp 21% hochwertig in der Asphalt- und Betonherstellung eingesetzt. Der Rest wurde vornehmlich im Straßenbau sowie im Erd- und Deponiebau niedrigeren Verwertungszwecken zugeführt. Hier bestehen weitere Potenziale, Recyclingbaustoffe höherwertig einzusetzen.

In our paper, we look at the conditions for successful transfer of European Union (EU) rules in the areas of transport, environment and energy to the associated Eastern Partnership countries. We assume that in these areas there are fewer indirect external benefits of implementing EU rules than in the areas of trade and visa free regime and therefore the adoption of these rules should depend more on their direct relevance to the governments of associated countries. Our review of law harmonization in all three countries is complemented by three in-depth case studies in all three areas. These offer an analysis of how EU standards and templates travel to this neighbourhood by delving into their adoption and implementation and assessing the degree to which they fit with governmental priorities. The first case study considers transport and focuses on the implementation of the road safety directive (2009/40/EC) in just one country, Georgia, where implementation proved challenging. The second case study concerns Ukraine and Moldova, focusing on the role of environmental impact assessment regulations in discussions between the two countries on the possible construction of hydropower plants on the Dniester River. In the area of energy, the third case study focuses on unbundling in the electricity sector in all three associated countries. Our main finding is that transposition and implementation in these areas is patchy, but better than expected. This is due to the on-going informal adjustment of the Association Agreements, which has reduced the scope of the commitments taken. While this informal adjustment helps to lighten the burden of law harmonization and facilitate transfer of the EU acquis, it does not seem to follow any blueprint, and thus creates uncertainty among the different stakeholders over future regulation.

This paper aspires to deconstruct China’s policy towards the Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries as well as to measure and assess China’s impact on political regimes in the region. It places Beijing’s actions in the broader context of China’s grand strategy and its policy towards the post-Soviet space and the European Union alike. It focuses on the developments in China’s policy after 2009, i.e. following the start of the EaP. The paper scrutinizes the evolving relevance of the EaP countries for Beijing, deconstructs long-term Chinese goals towards these actors, and identifies key instruments and carriers of foreign policy on the part of Beijing. The study is based on a number of semi-structured interviews with representatives of Chinese academia, think tanks and administration conducted in 2017. In order to measure the impact of China’s policies on local political regimes, the article adopts the theoretical framework of Limited Access Orders (LAOs) and Open Access Orders (OAOs), developed by North, Wallis, and Weingast (2009), and further refined into a typology by Ademmer, Langbein, and Börzel (2018). The empirical analysis leads to the conclusion that due to China’s general foreign policy principles, as well as its recognition of Russia’s alleged interests in the region, Beijing does not aspire to alter local political regimes. However, in the case of Belarus, the Belarusian comprehensive economic and policy cooperation with China within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative is leading to increased economic openness and the evolution of Belarus’ LAO towards unbalanced closure. The article argues that China’s economic presence in the region brings both challenges and opportunities to the European Union’s policies, which need to be addressed proactively.

Do sanctions strengthen the targeted regime? I analyze the 2014 imposition of Western sanctions on Russia and its impact on voting. The US and the EU introduced targeted measures against Russian entities and individuals related to Putin’s regime. Using polling station-level data I investigate whether Putin gained relatively more support among those local constituencies which were geographically close to a sanctioned firm. I find a significant effect of targeted sanction imposition on the vote share in presidential elections between 2012 and 2018. Putin gained 1.54 percentage points at those polling stations that had a sanctioned firm in immediate vicinity. Targeted sanctions imposition also affected voter turnout. The effect on voting can be explained as rally-around-the-flag in the face of sanctions, as long as voters did not endure economic losses through a decline in some sanctioned firms’ economic performance.

Latin American countries face severe challenges to sustainable development: high levels of social, political or socio-ecologic inequalities, (labor) informality, exclusion and poverty are just the most visible social challenges which ought to be overcome. Most scholars agree that solutions to these challenges won’t be implemented by market forces alone. State action has to promote policies which tackle these issues. In fact, most sustainable development goals named in the UN Agenda 2030 call for increased state action and public spending. However, to afford such public spending, states have to strengthen their fiscal capacity, i.e. their ability to collect revenue via tax or non-tax mechanisms. This makes taxation and public finance in general a vital part of sustainable development.

EU-LISTCO starts from the assumption that Europe’s internal and external environment is characterized by two risk factors, which represent challenges for the external action of the EU and its member states: - Areas of limited statehood (ALS), in which central government authorities and institutions are too weak to set and enforce rules and/or do not control the monopoly over the means of violence. Such areas of limited statehood are ubiquitous. They characterise large parts of the regions surrounding the EU in the East and in the South. However, areas of limited statehood are neither ungoverned nor ungovernable. Some ALS are reasonably well governed by a whole variety of actors – state and non-state, domestic/local and international, while others are not. The challenge for EU foreign policy is to foster good governance in areas of limited statehood. - Contested orders (CO), in which state and non-state actors challenge the norms, principles, and rules according to which societies and political systems are or should be organised. At the global and regional level, powers such as Russia and – somewhat less aggressive – China call the liberal and law-based order into question. The Trump administration in the United States adds a new dimension to order contestations by appearing to turn away from the liberal international order which the U.S. itself was instrumental in creating. Finally, and domestically, Western and non-Western societies struggle with the rise of actors that question their current political and legal order from the inside as well as from the outside. The challenge for EU foreign policy is to foster conditions in which order contestations remain peaceful and do not contribute to governance breakdowns in areas of limited statehood. Neither limited statehood nor contested orders will go away. They create vulnerabilities and pose risks, but they do not in themselves amount to threats to the EU. Only if and when areas of limited statehood and contested orders deteriorate into governance breakdowns and violent conflict, do the risks turn into threats to the security and stability of the EU, its member states, and citizens. The main research task of EU-LISTCO is to investigate the “tipping points” at which risks of limited statehood and contested orders turn into threats leading to governance breakdowns and violent conflict. Two factors are decisive in affecting such tipping points: - Global, diffuse, and regional risks, such as nuclear proliferation, transnational terrorism, economic crises, aggressive powers, cyber threats, and climate change, are likely to promote governance breakdowns and violent conflict in areas of limited statehood and contested orders. - Resilience is likely to help societies to sustain good and effective governance at the local/domestic as well as regional levels. We understand resilience as the “capacity of societies, communities and individuals to manage opportunities and risks in a peaceful and stable manner, and to build, maintain or restore livelihoods in the face of major pressures.” (European Commission & High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, 2017, 3). In other words, the various risks, on the one hand, and resilience, on the other, affect tipping points in opposite ways. Whether or not risks turn into threats for European security then depends on the extent to which resilient societies can successfully contain these risks through effective and legitimate governance at the local, domestic, and regional levels. Last but not least, we use three indicators to measure degrees of resilience: - Social trust in societies and local communities; - Legitimacy (or social acceptance) of governance actors and institutions at the various levels; - Institutional design of local, domestic, and regional governance arrangements including what is left of central state institutions. Research in EU-LISTCO – particularly Work Packages 2, 3, and 4 – will focus on exploring the relationships between the various factors outlined above which affect the tipping points between risks and threats. The remainder of this paper introduces the various concepts used in the framework in more detail, namely areas of limited statehood, governance, contested orders, threats, resilience, as well as the three factors fostering the latter.

Once upon a time, academia and practice were joined at the hip, but as years went by, a yawning gap began dividing the two worlds. Today, while occasions of contact between academia and practice exist, they remain mainly ad hoc and superficial. To bridge the gap between academia and practice, many have called for policy relevant scholarship. But this misses the point: academics are and should continue to be academics, much like practitioners are and should continue to be practitioners. It is not up to the academic to come up with detailed policy proposals. They often lack the technical expertise, the bureaucratic experience or political instinct to know the specific what, when and how needed. Yet the academics’ contribution to policy-making can be immense if they continue to be academics: using their unique skill set but with an eye for the concepts, the framing and the story-telling that are so essential to good policy-making.

This policy paper contributes to the debate on the implementation of the new resilience paradigm central to the EU‘s Global Strategy. It argues that the EU should clearly distinguish between regime stability as the capacity to persist or ‘bounce back’, and resilience as societal capacities to undergo processes of adaptation and transformation. Moreover, the EU should focus on legitimate institutions, appropriate institutional design, and social trust when strengthening resilience in its neighbourhood. In order to help build resilience the EU needs to know its neighbours, find the right partners in its neighbourhood, and provide the policy space for new resilience partnerships to develop.

In diesem Working Paper möchte ich die Zusammenhänge zwischen Forschungsdaten, Datenmanagement und Affektivität unter mehreren Gesichtspunkten beleuchten. Zuallererst werde ich mich den Forschungsdaten und ihrem affektiven Gehalt widmen. Dies ist sowohl im Hinblick auf die Abbildung von Affekten in den Daten als auch in der Dokumentation der Forschung relevant. Ich werde nachfolgend anhand von Beispielen der Datenerhebung und der Sekundäranalyse erläutern, welche Dimensionen affektiver Dynamiken berücksichtigt werden können. Meine Ausführungen stützen sich auf ethnographische Forschungsdaten, da diese von ihrer Dichte und Vielfalt her die komplexen affektiven Prozesse in der Datenerzeugung und -auswertung besonders gut veranschaulichen können. Im zweiten Teil dieses Aufsatzes widme ich mich den Affekten der Forschenden, wenn es um die Verwaltung, Archivierung und Bereitstellung ihrer Daten geht. Die Verwendung der Begriffe Affekt und Affektivität lehnt sich an die im SFB 1171 Affective Societies erarbeiteten Definitionen an. Affektivität verstehe ich demnach als relationalen und dynamischen Prozess des Affizierens und Affiziertwerdens, der sich auf Individuen, Kollektive oder auch nichtmenschliche Körper beziehen kann (vgl. Slaby & Mühlhoff 2019).

"Form" and "formalism" are a pair of highly productive and polysemous terms that occupy a central place in much linguistic scholarship. Diverse notions of "form" – embedded in biological, cognitive and aesthetic discourses – have been employed in accounts of language structure and relationship, while "formalism" harbours a family of senses referring to particular approaches to the study of language as well as representations of linguistic phenomena. This volume brings together a series of contributions from historians of science and philosophers of language that explore some of the key meanings and uses that these multifaceted terms and their derivatives have found in linguistics, and what these reveal about the mindset, temperament and daily practice of linguists, from the nineteenth century up to the present day.

This book presents evidence in support of the hypothesis that Ship English of the early Atlantic colonial period was a distinct variety with characteristic features. It is motivated by the recognition that late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth century sailors’ speech was potentially an influential variety in nascent creoles and English varieties of the Caribbean, yet few academic studies have attempted to define the characteristics of this speech. Therefore, the two principal aims of this study were, firstly, to outline the socio-demographics of the maritime communities and examine how variant linguistic features may have developed and spread among these communities, and, secondly, to generate baseline data on the characteristic features of Ship English. The methodology’s data collection strategy targeted written representations of sailors’ speech prepared or published between the dates 1620 and 1750, and prioritized documents that were composed by working mariners. These written representations were then analyzed following a mixed methods triangulation design that converged the qualitative and quantitative data to determine plausible interpretations of the most likely spoken forms. Findings substantiate claims that there was a distinct dialect of English that was spoken by sailors during the period of early English colonial expansion. They also suggest that Ship English was a sociolect formed through the mixing, leveling and simplification processes of koinization. Indicators suggest that this occupation-specific variety stabilized and spread in maritime communities through predominantly oral speech practices and strong affiliations among groups of sailors. It was also transferred to port communities and sailors’ home regions through regular contact between sailors speaking this sociolect and the land-based service-providers and communities that maintained and supplied the fleets. Linguistic data show that morphological characteristics of Ship English are evident at the word-level, and syntactic characteristics are evident not only in phrase construction but also at the larger clause and sentence levels, whilst discourse is marked by characteristic patterns of subordination and culture-specific interjection patterns. The newly-identified characteristics of Ship English detailed here provide baseline data that may now serve as an entry point for scholars to integrate this language variety into the discourse on dialect variation in Early Modern English period and the theories on pidgin and creole genesis as a result of language contact in the early colonial period.

This book tackles the divisive question of the Stative/Non-stative distinction by going straight to the root of the lexical items that have been at the heart of this discussion. It provides an analysis of property items (Dual Aspectual Forms) couched in the syntax-semantics interface eliminating the false dichotomy at the base of the controversy in the field and the suggestion that a lexical item needs be unambiguously Stative or Non-stative. What we see in this work is theoretical grounding for a flexible group of lexical items comprising both verbs and adjectives underlyingly with allowances made for derivation into either category. The result is a work that is conceptually and theoretically appealing and one that brings consensus.

An estimated 150 million tonnes of plastics have accumulated in the world's oceans and the problem increases, as waste management and recycling systems are unable to cope with the rising plastic production. Marine plastic pollution has consequences on the global ecosystem, coastal communities, industries including tourism, shipping and fishing and its impacts on food security and human health remain unknown. Negative effects span borders of national jurisdiction and a solution to the problem requires international cooperation. Policies to prevent plastic pollution have been implemented on local, national, regional and international levels. However, efforts to adequately address the problem have failed so far. When faced with such transboundary problems that threaten global public goods in the past, states have formed international regimes through negotiating legally binding treaties to effectively cope with the issue. This thesis examines factors for success and failure of international regimes for the protection of global public goods and investigates two cases of one successful and one unsuccessful international regime to cope with transboundary pollution problems. Results of the analysis of the successful Montreal Protocol show that an advantageous cost-benefit analysis, active leadership of actors pushing for an agreement, support by non-state actors on the domestic level, as well as perceived urgency for action were success factors. The treaty design constituted a necessary condition for success by using the following treaty elements: a) common but differentiated responsibilities, b) trade restrictions, c) financial mechanism, and d) adjustments and amendments. Findings from the Kyoto Protocol case study indicate reasons for failure, namely the disadvantageous cost-benefit analysis, perceived unfairness due to the exemption of developing countries from costs, domestic compliance incapacity, as well as inadequate targets to address the problem. The treaty design was a necessary condition for failure of the regime by including: a) one-sided responsibility, b) an inadequate scope to deal with the problem, as well as mechanisms that allowed for loopholes and complicated monitoring, c) rigidity incentivising short-term policies and preventing innovation, as well as d) lack of compliance and enforcement mechanisms. This thesis demonstrates that treaty design is significant for setting incentives for participation and compliance, as well as for deterring non-compliance.

The treaty design of a successful international agreement to eliminate marine plastic pollution would require the use of: a) the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, b) an adequate scope to address the problem by including land- and sea-based sources, as well as chemical additives and all stages of the life-cycle of plastics, c) issue-linkage to international plastics trade, d) a financial mechanism to support developing countries, e) flexibility to adapt to changes, f) effective reporting, monitoring and review procedures, and g) enforcement through incentivising compliance and deterring non-compliance. This research demonstrates that treaty design is a key determinant for success of international regimes. This thesis contributes to research by reviewing academic literature on the emergence and maintenance of international regimes, mapping the problem of marine plastic pollution and identifying treaty elements that will contribute to success of a legally binding mechanism on the global scale to adequately address marine plastic pollution. Implications go beyond the topic of marine plastic pollution and global environmental problems, and can also be useful for academics, policymakers, and civil society actors in other areas of international law and global governance.

In this paper, we argue that the ECB’s unconventional monetary policy announcements have generated significant spillover effects in Russia and Eastern Europe. The hypothesis is tested using OLS estimations of event-based regressions on monetary policy event dummies and seven financial variables in eleven East European countries including Russia. Overall, the empirical results associate the ECB’s unconventional policy announcements with the appreciation of East European currencies, rising stock market indices as well as falling long-term government bond yields and lower sovereign CDS spreads in Eastern Europe and Russia. Notably, bilateral integration with the eurozone is a key determinant of the strength of spillovers, with spillovers strongest in non-euro EU countries and weakest in non-EU East European countries. Interestingly, we find differentiated strength of spillovers to Russia compared to other non-EU East European countries, which we attribute to its fixed exchange rate regime. Lastly, we test for the presence of the portfolio rebalancing and confidence transmission channels.

La valence verbale est le phénomène qui lie le verbe à ses compléments. Elle intervient sur la construction du groupe verbal, la formation du passif, l'accord du participe passé, le choix des pronoms relatifs, celui des démonstratifs, des possessifs, des indéfinis, des pronoms personnels, des pronoms interrogatifs, l'emploi de l'impératif en liaison avec les pronoms personnels et la mise en relief des principales. Étant donné l'importance de la valence, alors que ce concept est fort peu enseigné dans les écoles ou collèges de France, il est nécessaire de mettre au point un système permettant de l'enseigner, de préférence avec la participation active des apprenants.

Le système "La Grammaire du FLE" , qui comprend 8 livres et un site Web, s’est construit par étapes de 2014 à 2019. Il couvre la totalité de la grammaire française, présentant certaines parties inédites, telle l’initiation à la phonétique et à la phonétique corrective y compris l’intonation marquée ou non-marquée, un approfondissement de la notion de valence verbale, une approche personnelle de l’emploi des temps simples du passé. En outre, il aborde d’une façon innovante l’emploi des temps grammaticaux en introduisant l’idée de traits pertinents temporels, censés remplacer les notions plus que fluctuantes d’un auteur à l’autre d’aspects et de modalités. Enfin, en utilisant les bases d’eGrammaire pour le français, la Grammaire du FLE explose les li-mites du français pour comparer l’emploi des temps du français, de l’anglais et de l’allemand Il repose sur le principe de la participation active de l'apprenant, en groupes, en plénum ou en travail individuel autonome sur ordinateur.