This chapter of the emerging new Research Handbook on International Law and Domestic Legal Systems offers concluding observations on the centrality of different visions of the international for the relationship between domestic and international law. The contributions demonstrate that competing perceptions of the international as a space for co-operation and solidarity on the one hand and as an arena of conflict on the other are competing with each other. The editors point to key doctrinal responses to these opposite trends: accepting conflict, deference by international courts, the presumption of compatibility and the deepening of pluralist approaches.
