Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur objektiven Erfassung der Produktqualität unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Fleischqualität vom Schwein als Basis zur Sicherung der Markt- und Verbraucheranforderungen

Abstract

Zur Charakterisierung der Qualität des Produktes ?Schweinefleisch? wurden an Prüf-material von drei Erzeugerbetrieben vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Schlachttier-, Schlachtkörper- und Fleischqualität durchgeführt. Als Ausgangsmaterial dienten acht verschiedene Genotypen, die im Land Brandenburg unter standardisierten Bedin-gungen gehalten und geschlachtet wurden. Geprüft wurden die Populationen L x L, L x E, L x Du, L x Pi, L/E x Pi, E x Ha/Pi, S x S und S x E. Insgesamt wurden Daten und Probenmaterial (M. long. dorsi) von 461 Tieren bzw. von tauglich beurteilten Schlachtkörpern untersucht. In die Auswertungen gingen Daten der amtlichen Fleischuntersuchung und der Merkmale Schlachtkörperwarmmasse, Muskelfleisch-anteil und Rückenspeckdicke (Fat-O-Meater) ein. Die Prüfung der Fleischqualität er-folgte 45 min p.m. anhand der Merkmale pH1 und Lf1. Zusätzlich wurden 24 h p.m. die Parameter pH2, Wasserbindungsvermögen (direkte Methode nach Beutling), Re-mission (Spekol) und intramuskulärer Fettgehalt (Aufschlußverfahren nach Wei-bull/Stoldt; Fettextraktion nach Soxhlet) bestimmt. In den eigenen Untersuchungen wurde eine Erkrankungshäufigkeit des Atmungs- systems von 10 bis 25 Prozent in Abhängigkeit von den Erzeugerbetrieben festge-stellt. Bei konventioneller Haltung mit Auslauf zeigte sich eine Befallsquote mit Endo-parasiten von 38 Prozent. In Auswertung des Gesamtmaterials war bei Zunahme der Schlachtkörperwarm-masse auch eine Zunahme der Rückenspeckdicke festzustellen (r=0,42*). Bei den Populationen L x Du (r=0,61*), L x Pi (r=0,69*) und L/E x Pi (r=0,68*) lag eine Ver-stärkung dieses Zusammenhanges vor. Für das Gesamtmaterial betrugen der ermittelte Muskelfleischanteil im Mittel 54 Prozent und die Rückenspeckdicke 18 mm. Die Population L x Du wies mit einer mittleren Schlachtkörperwarmmasse von 96 kg und 54 Prozent Muskelfleischanteil ein gutes bis sehr gutes Ergebnis auf. Die Sattelschweinpopulationen erreichten 45 Prozent Muskelfleischanteil bei mittleren Rückenspeckdicken von 27 bis 29 mm. Der Merkmalsantagonismus zwischen Rückenspeckdicke und Muskelfleischanteil wurde bei den Pietrainkreuzungen (r=-0,90*) besonders bestätigt. In allen Prüfmerkmalen zur Schlachtkörperqualität konnten signifikante Unterschiede entsprechend der Ge- schlechtszugehörigkeit der Schlachttiere nachgewiesen werden. Für das Gesamtmaterial ergaben der mittlere pH1-Wert von 6,41 und die Einstu- fung in die Klassen ?PSE? und ?PSE-Verdacht? mit jeweils nur 4 Prozent ein gutes Niveau. Die Populationen L x Pi und L/E x Pi wiesen einen ?PSE?-Anteil von 7 bzw. 13 Prozent auf. Die pH1-Messung erfaßte mit hoher Sicherheit die normale Fleischqualität. Sie war treffsicherer als die Lf1-Messung. Normabweichungen im pH1-Wert müssen 24 h p.m. überprüft werden. Bei der Erfassung der pH2-Werte wurde für das Gesamtmaterial ein mittlerer Wert von 5,61 ermittelt. Auffallend hohe Anteile für die Einstufung in die Klasse ?PSE? la-gen bei den Sattelschweinpopulationen mit über 50 Prozent vor. Für das Prüfmaterial der Population E x Ha/Pi konnte das Auftreten des ?Hampshire-Effektes? anhand auffallend niedriger pH2-Werte bestätigt werden. Die Untersuchungen zum Wasserbindungsvermögen des Fleisches ergaben für das Gesamtmaterial einen mittleren Wert von 0,26 ml/g im Normalbereich. Für die Kreuzung L x Pi wurde mit 7 Prozent ein erhöhter Anteil von ?PSE-Fleisch? festge-stellt. Sehr hoch lagen die Anteile der Populationen S x S und S x E mit 19 Prozent bzw. 27 Prozent im ?PSE?-Bereich. Die Remissionswerte für das Gesamtmaterial wiesen mit einem mittleren Wert von 18,08 Prozent ein Ergebnis im Normalbereich aus. Die Population L x Du zeigte mit 5 Prozent den höchsten Anteil in der Klasse ?PSE? und die Rasse L x L mit 7 Prozent den höchsten Anteil in der Klasse ?DFD?. Für den intramuskulären Fettgehalt lag der mittlere Wert des Gesamtmaterials mit 1,71 Prozent unter dem gesetzten Normbereich von 2,0 Prozent. Im Gesamtvergleich wurde die Heterogenität für die Ausprägung dieses Merkmals durch die mittleren Werte der Pietrainkreuzungen um 1,50 Prozent deutlich. Dagegen erreichten die Po-pulationen S x S, S x E und L x Du mittlere Werte über 2,0 Prozent. Das qualitativ beste Ergebnis hinsichtlich Marmorierung und Muskelfleischanteil zeigte die Popula-tion L x Du. Bei den Anforderungen an die Produktqualität müssen die Sattelschweinpopulationen gesondert betrachtet werden. Für den Aufbau von Qualitätsfleischprogrammen und Qualitätssicherungssystemen bieten die geprüften Populationen eine gute Basis, um zunehmend gezielter den Verbraucher- und Marktanforderungen zu entsprechen.

Specimens from three pork producers were subjected to comparative investigations of slaughter pig, carcass and pork quality to characterise the quality of pork as a product. The starting materials used were eight genotypes bred and slaughtered un-der standardised conditions in the Land of Brandenburg. The following populations were tested: L x L; L x E; L x Du; L x Pi; L/E x Pi; E x Ha/Pi; S x S, and S x E. Data and specimen materials (M. long. dorsi) were studied for a total of 461 animals or carcasses considered suitable for the investigation. Data of official meat inspection , as well as carcass warm weight, muscle and backfat thickness (Fat-O-Meater) were considered for evaluation. The pork quality was tested 45 min p. m. assessing the criteria of pH1 and Lf1. Moreover pH2, water-retention capacity (Beutling´s direct me-thod), remission (Spekol) and intramuscular fat content (Weibull/Stoldt disintegration method; Soxhlet fat extraction) were determined 24 hours p. m.. Own studies revealed an affected respiratory system in 10 to 25 percent depen- ding on the producers. For conventional keeping with adequate range to move, endoparasitic invasion was found to be 38 percent. Evaluation of the overall material showed that, as the carcass warm weight in- creased, the thickness of backfat grew as well (r = 0.42*). For the populations of L x Du (r = 0.61*), L x Pi (r = 0.69*) and L/E x Pi (r = 0.68*), this correlation was en-hanced. For the overall material, the average amount of muscle determined was 54 per- cent and the backfat thickness averaged 18 mm. The L x Du population having a mean carcass warm weight of 96 kg and 54 percent muscle exhibited good or even very good results. The saddle-back populations achieved 45 percent mu-scle, with mean backfat thickness ranging from 27 to 29 mm. The antagonism of criteria, i.e. between backfat thickness and amount of muscle, was confirmed in particular for the Pietrain cross-breeds (r = 0.90*). For all other criteria studied and relating to the quality of carcasses, statistically significant differences were found as a function of the sex of the slaughter pigs. For the overall material, the mean pH1 of 6.41 and grading into the classes of "PSE" and "suspected PSE" each being as low as 4 percent yielded a good level. The L x Pi and L/E x Pi populations exhibited a proportion of 7 and 13 percent, re-spectively. The pH1 measurement provided a high degree of certainty in assessing the quality of pork. The unbiasedness achieved was greater than that seen with Lf1 measu-rements. Variations in pH1 must be checked 24 hours p. m. In collecting the pH2 data, the mean value determined for the overall material was 5.61. A markedly high percentage of grading into the "PSE" class was noted for the saddle-back pig populations, being greater than 50 percent. For the material of the E x Ha/Pi population studied, the occurrence of the "Hampshire effect" was confirmed on the grounds of clearly low pH2 values. Studying the water-retention capacity of pork for the overall material revealed a mean of 0.26 mL/g, a finding within the normal range. An elevated proportion of "PSE pork" amounting to 7 percent was found for the L x Pi cross-breed. Very high proportions in the "PSE" range were noted for the S x S and the S x E popu-lations, being 19 and 27 percent, respectively. The remission levels for the overall material yielded a mean of 18.08 percent, a finding within the normal range. The highest proportion in the "PSE" class was seen for the L x Du population being 5 percent, and in the "DFD" class the highest proportion was noted for the L x L breed which amounted to 7 percent. For the intramuscular fat content, the mean value of the overall material was 1.71 percent, thus being less than the specified normal level of 2.0 percent. In overall comparison, the heterogeneity for the markedness of this criterion was reflected by the means seen for the Pietrain cross-breeds in the area of 1.50 percent. In contrast, the S x S; S x E, and L X Du populations attained levels above 2.0 per-cent. The best quality finding in respect of marbling and amount of muscle was obtained for the L x Du population. Referring to the demands on product quality, the saddle-back pig populations have to be considered separately. With a view to quality meat schemes and quality assurance systems, the popula- tions studied offer a sound basis such that consumer demands and market requi- rements can be met by increasingly targeted approaches. Specimens from three pork producers were subjected to comparative investigations of slaughter pig, carcass and pork quality to characterise the quality of pork as a product. The starting materials used were eight genotypes bred and slaughtered un-der standardised conditions in the Land of Brandenburg. The following populations were tested: L x L; L x E; L x Du; L x Pi; L/E x Pi; E x Ha/Pi; S x S, and S x E. Data and specimen materials (M. long. dorsi) were studied for a total of 461 animals or carcasses considered suitable for the investigation. Data of official meat inspection , as well as carcass warm weight, muscle and backfat thickness (Fat-O-Meater) were considered for evaluation. The pork quality was tested 45 min p. m. assessing the criteria of pH1 and Lf1. Moreover pH2, water-retention capacity (Beutling´s direct me-thod), remission (Spekol) and intramuscular fat content (Weibull/Stoldt disintegration method; Soxhlet fat extraction) were determined 24 hours p. m.. Own studies revealed an affected respiratory system in 10 to 25 percent depen- ding on the producers. For conventional keeping with adequate range to move, endoparasitic invasion was found to be 38 percent. Evaluation of the overall material showed that, as the carcass warm weight in- creased, the thickness of backfat grew as well (r = 0.42*). For the populations of L x Du (r = 0.61*), L x Pi (r = 0.69*) and L/E x Pi (r = 0.68*), this correlation was en-hanced. For the overall material, the average amount of muscle determined was 54 per- cent and the backfat thickness averaged 18 mm. The L x Du population having a mean carcass warm weight of 96 kg and 54 percent muscle exhibited good or even very good results. The saddle-back populations achieved 45 percent mu-scle, with mean backfat thickness ranging from 27 to 29 mm. The antagonism of criteria, i.e. between backfat thickness and amount of muscle, was confirmed in particular for the Pietrain cross-breeds (r = 0.90*). For all other criteria studied and relating to the quality of carcasses, statistically significant differences were found as a function of the sex of the slaughter pigs. For the overall material, the mean pH1 of 6.41 and grading into the classes of "PSE" and "suspected PSE" each being as low as 4 percent yielded a good level. The L x Pi and L/E x Pi populations exhibited a proportion of 7 and 13 percent, re-spectively. The pH1 measurement provided a high degree of certainty in assessing the quality of pork. The unbiasedness achieved was greater than that seen with Lf1 measu-rements. Variations in pH1 must be checked 24 hours p. m. In collecting the pH2 data, the mean value determined for the overall material was 5.61. A markedly high percentage of grading into the "PSE" class was noted for the saddle-back pig populations, being greater than 50 percent. For the material of the E x Ha/Pi population studied, the occurrence of the "Hampshire effect" was confirmed on the grounds of clearly low pH2 values. Studying the water-retention capacity of pork for the overall material revealed a mean of 0.26 mL/g, a finding within the normal range. An elevated proportion of "PSE pork" amounting to 7 percent was found for the L x Pi cross-breed. Very high proportions in the "PSE" range were noted for the S x S and the S x E popu-lations, being 19 and 27 percent, respectively. The remission levels for the overall material yielded a mean of 18.08 percent, a finding within the normal range. The highest proportion in the "PSE" class was seen for the L x Du population being 5 percent, and in the "DFD" class the highest proportion was noted for the L x L breed which amounted to 7 percent. For the intramuscular fat content, the mean value of the overall material was 1.71 percent, thus being less than the specified normal level of 2.0 percent. In overall comparison, the heterogeneity for the markedness of this criterion was reflected by the means seen for the Pietrain cross-breeds in the area of 1.50 percent. In contrast, the S x S; S x E, and L X Du populations attained levels above 2.0 per-cent. The best quality finding in respect of marbling and amount of muscle was obtained for the L x Du population. Referring to the demands on product quality, the saddle-back pig populations have to be considered separately. With a view to quality meat schemes and quality assurance systems, the popula- tions studied offer a sound basis such that consumer demands and market requi- rements can be met by increasingly targeted approaches.