dc.contributor.author
Tafuro, Stefania
dc.date.accessioned
2018-06-07T15:14:40Z
dc.date.available
2007-12-15T00:00:00.649Z
dc.identifier.uri
https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/788
dc.identifier.uri
http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-4990
dc.description
Title page and Table of contents
Foreword 1
Introduction 7
1 Media Imaging of Welfare-Reliant Women 17
1.1 Race, Class, and Gender Issues in Social Welfare History 17
1.1.1 The Great Depression, Male Unemployment, and the Social Security Act 22
1.1.2 Chaste Widows and Moral Fitness Standards 24
1.1.3 The Civil Rights Movement and Mandatory Work Requirements 29
1.1.4 The 1970's, 1980's and Early 1990's 32
1.2 Clarabel Ventura's Style of Welfare: A Problem of Representation 33
1.3 The Image We Should See 38
2 The End of Welfare as We Know It 45
2.1 The Welfare Reform Bill and its Reproductive Rights Agenda 46
2.1.1 "Cut Down on Out-of-Wedlock Births, Win Cash" 48
2.1.2 Abstinence and Sex Education Programs 53
2.2 The Child Exclusion Provision 55
2.2.1 Welfare Myths v Welfare Facts 58
2.2.2 The Impact of State Child Exclusion Policies on the Lives of Welfare-
reliant Mothers and their Children 61
2.2.3 Child Exclusion in State Courts 63
2.2.4 Caps on Kids: What Do State Evaluations Tell Us About Child Exclusion
Policies? 69
2.2.5 Is There Any Evidence that Child Exclusion Policies Affect Recipients'
Attitudes Towards Childbearing? 72
2.3 After Welfare: The Second-Shift Moms 74
3 Affordable, Good-Quality Child Care: A Cornerstone to Working Women 81
3.1 Federal Financing for Child Care: A Historical Overview 86
3.1.1 The Beginnings of Other-Than-Mother Care: Day Nursery and Nursery School
Movements 86
3.1.2 Child Care in the Years Following the Great Depression: 1933-1943 88
3.1.3 We Can Do It! But Not Without Child Care: Working Mothers and the War
Effort, 1942-1946 89
3.1.4 Child Care as a Response to War: A Summary 92
3.1.5 Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty and the Head Start Program 93
3.1.6 'A Matter of Right': Child Care Between 1971 and 1988 96
3.1.7 Reversing Direction on Public Financing for Child Care Services: The
1980s 97
3.1.8 The Need for Universal Subsidized Child Care Services: The 1990s 100
3.2 Current Types of Child Care Arrangements 103
3.2.1 Family Child Care 105
3.2.2 Center-based care 106
3.3 Assessing the Overall Need for Child Care Services Between 1990 and 1996
107
3.3.1 Availability of Child Care Services: 1990-1995 108
3.3.2 Affordability of Child Care Services: 1990-1995 113
3.3.3 Quality of Child Care Services: 1990-1995 116
3.3.4 Summary of Child Care Availability, Affordability and Quality Between
1990 and 1995 121
3.4 Welfare Reform and Changes in Federal Financing for Child Care Services
123
3.5 Characteristics of the Child Care Market After the Passage of the Welfare
Reform Bill 126
3.5.1 Availability of Child Care Services Between 1996 and 2001 127
3.5.2 Affordability of Child Care Services Between 1996 and 2001 131
3.5.3 Quality of Child Care Services Between 1996 and 2001 133
3.5.4 Summary of Child Care Availability, Affordability and Quality: 1996-2001
136
3.6 Effects of Child Care Shortage on Working Families and Their Children 138
4 Reproductive Health Care: A Casualty of Hospital Mergers 143
4.1 The Size and Scope of Religious Health Care Systems 145
4.2 Protecting Access to Reproductive Health Care at Merged Institutions and
in Managed-Care Scenarios 150
4.3 Merger Mania: The End of Choice? 157
4.3.1 Emergency Abortion 161
4.3.2 Extrauterine or Ectopic Pregnancy 164
4.3.3 Hospital Care of Rape Survivors and Dispensation of Emergency
Contraception 167
4.3.4 Permanent Planning: Sterilization Procedures 176
4.3.5 Brackenridge Hospital: A Case Study 182
4.4 Safeguarding Access: Advocacy Efforts to Preserve Reproductive Health Care
Services 184
4.4.1 When Community Action Works: Blocked Mergers and Creative Compromises
191
4.5 Impact of Mergers on Local Communities: A Summary 195
5 America's Teenagers, Pregnancy and Public Policy 201
5.1 Liberal and Conservative Positions in the Ongoing Debate Over Teenage
Pregnancy 206
5.2 What The Ongoing Debate On Teenage Pregnancy Conflates and Ignores 211
5.3 Economic Hardship and Cultural Ambivalence 214
5.3.1 Cultural Ambivalence in Federal and State Policies 219
5.3.2 Abstinence Education Programs: The Government Response to an Epidemic
228
5.3.3 Is Abstinence Education Working? 233
5.4 Formulating More Effective Policies: Six Critical Steps 235
5.4.1 Addressing the Need for More Systematic Research 236
5.4.2 Securing Minors' Access to Birth Control Methods 239
5.4.3 Improving Educational Opportunities and Reducing Dropouts 243
5.4.4 Protecting the Rights of Pregnant and Parenting Teens 245
5.4.5 Parenting Teens and Childcare 248
5.4.6 Girls' Participation in Sports as a Tool to Prevent Teen Pregnancy 249
5.5 Teenagers' Reproductive Health and Sexual Behavior: A Summary 251
5.6 Early Motherhood as a Form of Empowerment 256
Conclusion 259
Abbreviations 267
Literature Cited 273
Legal References 293
A Collection of Images 297
B Deutsche Zusammenfassung (Summary in German) 305
dc.description.abstract
This work is about American single mothers and poverty. Gender is a major
determinant of poverty in the United States. The most recent available data
published by the U. S. Census Bureau confirms this fact. In 2003, women were
over forty percent more likely to be poor than men and they accounted for
sixty percent of the American adult population that was extremely poor,
meaning with incomes less than half of the standard poverty level. Women are
or become poor for a variety of reasons, including limited access to post-
secondary education, pressure to stay in low-wage, dead-end jobs,
discrimination and sexual harassment in the employment setting, and domestic
violence. Yet, the reasons why women stay poor are very different ones. State
implementation of Child Exclusion policies, restricted access to affordable,
high-quality child care, attacks on reproductive freedom, and early
childbearing are all factors that prevent women and their children from
becoming economically self-sufficient. This work shows how the unwillingness
on the part of the Federal Government to consider and investigate the reasons
for widespread poverty among American single mothers has rendered generations
of policies such as the Welfare Reform of 1996 inadequate at addressing and
solving the issues of rampant female indigence and welfare dependency. The
data used in the course of the investigation and presented here comes from a
large variety of published and unpublished materials including books, peer
review articles, law reviews articles, case law, and tabulations of data from
surveys conducted by the Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI), the United States
Census Bureau, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the
Children's Bureau (CB), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the National
Women's Law Center (NWLC), the NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund (NOWLDEF),
the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy (NCPTP), the California
Wellness Foundation, and the California Women's Law Center (CWLC). In
addition, interviews with indigent women, mainly borrowed from secondary
sources, such as books and peer review articles, are used to help the reader
understand how poor women perceive themselves and how poverty is lived.
de
dc.description.abstract
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Ursachen für die weitverbreitete Armut
unter alleinstehenden amerikanischen Müttern zu analysieren. Geschlecht ist
einer der bestimmenden Faktoren für Bedürftigkeit in den Vereinigten Staaten.
Das amerikanische Zensusbüro hat in 2003 Statistiken veröffentlicht, die
zeigen, daß die Wahrscheinlichkeit arm zu sein bei Frauen 50 Prozent höher ist
als bei Männern, und daß Familien von alleinstehenden Frauen doppelt so arm
sind wie Familien von alleinstehenden Männern. Die Hauptfaktoren, die
verhindern, daß alleinstehende Mütter der Armut entkommen und wirtschaftliche
Unabhängigkeit erreichen, sind "`Child Exclusion"' (d.h., Frauen, die ein Kind
gebären, während sie Sozialhilfe erhalten, erhalten keine zusätzliche
Unterstützung für dieses Kind), beschränkter Zugang zu erschwinglicher,
qualitativ hochwertiger Kinderbetreuung, zunehmende Schwierigkeiten,
reproduktive medizinische Versorgung zu erhalten, und Schwangerschaft von
Jugendlichen. In den letzten hundert Jahren hat die amerikanische Regierung
Gesetze verabschiedet und Strategien entwickelt, die zum Ziel hatten, das
Armutsproblem zu lösen. Jedoch hat die Unfähigkeit der amerikanischen
Regierung, sich mit den entscheidenden Faktoren, die Frauen davon abhalten,
wirtschaftliche Unabhängigkeit zu erreichen, auseinanderzusetzen, den Erfolg
dieser Strategien untergraben. Es sind diese entscheidenden Faktoren, und ihre
Effekte auf das Leben von bedürftigen Frauen, welche diese Arbeit im Detail
untersucht. Die Daten, welche diese Untersuchung ermöglicht haben, stammen aus
breitgefächerten veröffentlichten und unveröffentlichten Quellen. Primäre
Quellen beinhalten Bücher, Artikel in Fachzeitschriften, Rechtsprechung,
Umfragen und statistische Studien, dürchgeführt von verschieden Organisationen
wie zum Beispiel dem Alan Guttmacher Institut (AGI), dem amerikanischen
Zensusbüro, dem Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), dem Children
Bureau (CB), dem National Institute of Health (NIH), dem National Women's Law
Center (NWLC), dem ehemahligen NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund (NOWLDEF,
heute Legal Momentum), der National Campaign To Prevent Teen Pregnancy
(NCPTP), der California Wellness Foundation und dem California Women's Law
Center (CWLC). Zusätzlich enthält die Arbeit Gespräche mit armen Frauen,
entweder von der Autorin durchgeführt oder sekundären Quellen entnommen, um
dem Leser zu verdeutlichen, wie bedürftige Frauen sich sehen und wie sie ihre
schwierigen Lebensbedingungen beschreiben.
de
dc.rights.uri
http://www.fu-berlin.de/sites/refubium/rechtliches/Nutzungsbedingungen
dc.subject
Hospital Mergers
dc.subject
Teen Pregnancy
dc.subject.ddc
300 Sozialwissenschaften::300 Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie::300 Sozialwissenschaften
dc.title
Lives on the Edge
dc.contributor.firstReferee
Prof. Dr. Knud Krakau
dc.contributor.furtherReferee
Prof. Dr. Ursula Lehmkuhl
dc.date.accepted
2006-04-27
dc.date.embargoEnd
2007-12-19
dc.identifier.urn
urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-fudissthesis000000003308-9
dc.title.subtitle
An Analysis of the Causes for Widespread Poverty Among American Single Mothers
in the Post-Welfare-Reform Years
dc.title.translated
Leben am Abgrund
de
dc.title.translatedsubtitle
Eine Analyse der Ursachen fuer weitverbreitete Armut unter unverheirateten
amerikanischen Müttern in den Jahren nach der Sozialhilfereform
de
refubium.affiliation
Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften
de
refubium.mycore.fudocsId
FUDISS_thesis_000000003308
refubium.mycore.transfer
http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2007/851/
refubium.mycore.derivateId
FUDISS_derivate_000000003308
dcterms.accessRights.dnb
free
dcterms.accessRights.openaire
open access