Cryopreservation refers to freezing cells or tissues at extremely low temperatures, allowing them to be stored for extended periods while maintaining viability. Cryopreserved bull semen has become an essential tool in cattle breeding programs and commercial cattle production systems. This review provides a detailed analysis of the current methods and challenges in preserving bull sperm using cryopreservation. We explore the effects of cryopreservation on sperm cells, the role of different cryoprotectants, as well as the progress made in the analysis of bull semen. It also highlights the impact of the freezing process on sperm morphology and functionality, emphasizing the importance of optimizing cryopreservation techniques to maintain sperm fertility and viability. The article underscores the significance of cryopreservation technology in cattle genetics and breeding and suggests future research to enhance cryopreservation techniques.
