Journalism as an institution is increasingly under pressure in hybrid media systems. Various far-right actors use social media platforms as a key staging ground for contesting legacy media. Drawing on affect theory and discursive institutionalism, this article empirically examines how journalistic authority was challenged on Twitter during far-right riots in the German city of Chemnitz in 2018. Through these public and networked contestations, we see the emergence of “affective publics” that form around shared and competing emotions. Through social network analysis, we examine the networked polarization around #Chemnitz. By applying in-depth textual analysis, we then untangle how far-right actors attack legacy media by strategically mobilizing and performing outrage. Based on our findings, we propose to understand journalism as an affective institution, whose authority is perpetually contested as affective publics gain agency. Such an understanding involves a profound questioning of the notion of objectivity that has been constitutive of journalism in the 20th century.

Collaborative playlist-making (CPM), a form of music co-curation where two or more people select and order recordedmusic together, is a form of group musical engagement that has recently risen to prominence among musicians and nonmusicians in the general population. This paper presents CPM as a form of technologically mediated group musical engagement and informs researchers as to how CPM and its constituent behaviors may be studied in relation to other forms of musical engagement, particularly group music-making. In addition, specific psychological processes expected to be elicited by CPM - self-other merging, cognitive perspective-taking, and shared intentionality - are explicated in an effort to evince how CPM may give rise to socio-cognitive transfer effects in line with Goldman’s reconstructive route to empathy. The main purpose of this paper is to promote music psychologists’ study of CPM to probe how musical interaction occurring within everyday contexts can harness music’s potential to facilitate communication and bring about social benefits.

Klimawandel und Landsysteme

Die Landnutzung ist für etwa 23% aller Treibhaus­gasemissionen verantwortlich. Die Landsysteme tragen zum Klimawandel bei, sind aber gleichzeitig sehr anfäl­lig für die Folgen des Klimawandels. Um diesen Zusammenhang besser zu ver­stehen, hat der IPCC einen Sonderbericht zu "Klimawandel und Landsysteme" erstellt. Dieser Sonderbericht ist Teil des sechsten Sachstandsberichts (AR6). Mehr als 100 Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler aus 52 Ländern haben zwei Jahre lang an der Erstellung dieses Sonderberichts gearbeitet. Der Bericht wurde im August 2019 in Genf (Schweiz) von den Regierungen aller Mitglieds­staaten des IPCCs angenommen. Eine Zusammenfassung speziell für Lehrende

Jeder Bericht enthält eine Zusammenfassung für Entscheidungsträger (Summa­ry for Policy Makers), die kompakt und einfach zu lesen und zu verstehen ist. Da diese nicht speziell an die Bedürfnisse von Lehrenden angepasst ist, hat das Office for Climate Education (OCE) die vorliegende Zusammenfassung für Lehrerinnen und Lehrer verfasst. Sie enthält u. a. eine Reihe von Aktivitäten und Übungen, die im Schulunterricht umgesetzt werden können.

To understand how peppermint responds to different LED light qualities during the early vegetative phase, peppermints were illuminated with three different LED light conditions (RB = Red/Blue, RGB = Red/Green/Blue, SUN = artificial sunlight closely resembling the terrestrial sunlight spectrum between 380 and 780 nm) in an automated vertical cultivation system. RB resulted in compact growth, whereas both green-containing lighting conditions induced excessive stem and side branch elongations and significant leaf expansions. Although peppermint plants achieved marketable appearances regardless of lighting condition, essential oil (EO) compositions with highly elevated amounts of pulegone and menthofuran did not meet consumer safety requirements. Both artificial SUN and RB spectra showed lower concentrations of pulegone in the EO at 41 and 43%, respectively, than detected under RGB at more than 49%. Reasons for this undesirable EO composition are discussed as a result of the lighting conditions applied and the early harvest time, leading to an incomplete reduction of pulegone to menthone during biosynthesis. Based on these findings, aromatic peppermint cultivation under LEDs can be improved to meet regulatory requirements and highlights the need for analytical quality controls regarding consumer safety to evaluate the applicability of LED lighting for fresh herb productions.

Water boards in Germany require decadal predictions to develop optimized management and adaptation strategies, especially within the claims of flood protection and water distribution management. Specifically, the Wupper catchment water board in western Germany is interested in decadal predictions of drought indices, which are correlated to dam water levels. For the management of small catchments, they need multi-year means and multi-year seasonal means of the hydrological seasons for forecast years 1–3 at high spatial resolution. Thus, the MPI-ESM-LR global decadal prediction system with 16 ensemble members at 200 km resolution was statistically downscaled with EPISODES to ~11 km in Germany. Simulated precipitation was recalibrated, correcting model errors and adjusting the ensemble spread. We tested different recalibration settings to optimize the skill. The 3-year mean and 3-year seasonal mean SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index), indicating excess or deficit of precipitation, was calculated. We evaluated the prediction skill with HYRAS observations, applying skill scores and correlation coefficients, and tested the significance of the skill at a 95% level via 1,000 bootstraps. We found that the high-resolution statistical downscaling is able to preserve the skill of the global decadal predictions and that the recalibration can clearly improve the precipitation skill in Germany. Multi-year annual and August–October mean SPI predictions are promising for several regions in Germany. Additionally, there is potential for skill improvement with increasing ensemble size for all temporal aggregations, except for November–January. A user-oriented product sheet was developed and published on the Copernicus Climate Change Service website (https://climate.copernicus.eu/decadal-predictions-infrastructure). It provides 3-year mean probabilistic SPI predictions for the Wupper catchment and north-western Germany. For 2021–2023, a high probability of negative SPI (dry conditions) is predicted in most of the area. The decadal prediction skill is higher than using the observed climatology as reference prediction in several parts of the area. This case study was developed in cooperation with the Wupper catchment water board and discussed with further German water managers: The skill of high-resolution decadal drought predictions is considered to be promising to fulfill their needs. The product sheet is understandable, well-structured and can be applied to their working routines.

What happens in your brain when you find out that someone thinks you’re cool? Neuroscientists have recently started to investigate this by looking into how our brains process information concerning our reputation. Just a few years ago, it was discovered that when we learn that other people think highly of us, a key part of the brain’s reward system is activated [1]. The reward system is a set of interconnected brain structures that gives us a pleasurable feeling when we obtain or do things with a positive value. Getting a compliment feels good, so it makes sense that the reward system might be involved.

Genome editing technology provides new possibilities for animal breeding and aid in understanding host-pathogen interactions. In poultry, retroviruses display one of the most difficult pathogens to control by conventional strategies such as vaccinations. Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) is an oncogenic, immunosuppressive retrovirus that causes myeloid leukosis and other tumors in chickens. Severe economic losses caused by ALV-J remain an unsolved problem in many parts of the world due to inefficient eradication strategies and lack of effective vaccines. ALV-J attachment and entry are mediated through the specific receptor, chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type 1 (chNHE1). The non-conserved amino acid tryptophan 38 (W38) in chNHE1 is crucial for virus entry, making it a favorable target for the introduction of disease resistance. In this study, we obtained ALV-J-resistance in a commercial chicken line by precise deletion of chNHE1 W38, utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9-system in combination with homology directed repair. The genetic modification completely protected cells from infection with a subgroup J retrovirus. W38 deletion did neither have a negative effect on the development nor on the general health condition of the gene edited chickens. Overall, the generation of ALV-J-resistant birds by precise gene editing demonstrates the immense potential of this approach as an alternative disease control strategy in poultry.

A remaining carbon budget (RCB) estimates how much CO2 we can emit and still reach a specific temperature target. The RCB concept is attractive since it easily communicates to the public and policymakers, but RCBs are also subject to uncertainties. The expected warming levels for a given carbon budget has a wide uncertainty range, which increases with less ambitious targets, i.e., with higher CO2 emissions and temperatures. Leading causes of RCB uncertainty are the future non-CO2 emissions, Earth system feedbacks, and the spread in the climate sensitivity among climate models. The latter is investigated in this paper, using a simple carbon cycle model and emulators of the temperature responses of the Earth System Models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) ensemble. Driving 41 CMIP6 emulators with 127 different emission scenarios for the 21st century, we find almost perfect linear relationship between maximum global surface air temperature and cumulative carbon emissions, allowing unambiguous estimates of RCB for each CMIP6 model. The range of these estimates over the model ensemble is a measure of the uncertainty in the RCB arising from the range in climate sensitivity over this ensemble, and it is suggested that observational constraints imposed on the transient climate response in the model ensemble can reduce uncertainty in RCB estimates.

We argue that the COVID-19 virus has been a trigger for emerging practices of care by being an actor with agency that transforms the everyday life of subjects by placing them under uncertainty. Therefore, this paper aims to show how practices of care emerged or were maintained as vulnerable groups were confronted by restrictions to movement and uncertainties following the outbreak of COVID-19. We demonstrate this using two case studies of the Maasai pastoral community in Narok, Kenya and the community kitchens in the city of Berlin, Germany. Thus, we seek to show how practices of care for, care about, and care with are carried out by the members of these communities during pandemic times. Granted that care remains highly contentious in feminist literature, this paper contributes to a growing body of literature on care in Feminist Political Ecology by broadening the conceptualization of care. The research builds on a typology of care relations based on practices of distribution, exchange, and reciprocity. This allows us to show when care is exercised in a unidirectional and hierarchical way and when in a multidirectional way reinforcing social bonds of responsibility and collective care that transcends the socio-nature boundaries.

A total of 2,880 one-day-old male and female broiler chicks from two breeds, Ross308 and Cobb500 were randomly assigned to 72 pens. Broilers were offered three diets: a wheat-soybean diet without (CO), or with either a probiotic (probiotic; 2.4 x 109 CFU/kg diet of Bacillus subtilis DSM32324 and DSM32325 and B. amyloliquefaciens DSM25840) or a phytobiotic (phytobiotic; grape extract with 165 ppm procyanidin and 585 ppm polyphenol) product. The trial was conducted with a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of diet, breed and sex in a completely randomized design and consisted of 6 replicate-pens per treatment (40 birds per pen). At day 7, 21, and 35, one chicken per pen was slaughtered for caecal sampling to quantify bacterial metabolites (digesta) as well as evaluate mRNA abundance and histomorphology (tissue). Data were subjected to ANOVA using GLM procedure to evaluate age, diet, breed and sex and their interactions. Spearman’s correlation (r) was analyzed between metabolite concentration and mRNA abundance. Overall, the concentration of short chain fatty acids increased with age, while lactate decreased from day 7 to 21 (p < 0.05). The mRNA abundance of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17α, IL-18, IFN-γ and TGF-β2 increased with age but IL-1β and TNF-α increased in abundance from day 7 to 21 and then decreased (p < 0.05). Abundance of MUC2 and CLDN5 increased after day 21 (p < 0.05). Caecal crypt depth increased with age (p < 0.05). Acidic goblet cell (GC) number peaked at day 21 (p < 0.05), while mixed GC number was not affected by age. A few impacts of breed, diet and interactions on the investigated variables showed no meaningful biological pattern. Propionate positively correlated with all cytokines investigated (r = 0.150–0.548), except TNF-α. Lactate negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β (r = −0.324). Aging affected caecal histomorphology, bacterial activity and genes responsible for barrier integrity and inflammatory response. This effect could be attributed to the interaction between gut microbiota and immune system as well as the direct effect of metabolites on gut histomorphology and cytokine mRNA abundance.

In 1029, the resident synod of Constantinople, led by Patriarch Alexios the Stoudite, condemned the Jacobite patriarch John VIII bar ʿAbdun as a heretic. This event has been woven into modern narratives of Byzantine persecution and intolerance against the Syrian Miaphysite Christians in the recently conquered eastern territories of the Byzantine Empire, especially the city of Melitene. Building on a recent reevaluation of that prevailing interpretation, the present article reads our key narrative sources for the trial of John bar ʿAbdun as reflecting and constituting competing arguments not only about the Jacobite patriarch’s innocence or guilt, but also, more subtly, about the very terms in which these questions should be framed. It argues that the ethnic and religious categories mentioned in the narratives did not correspond to fixed social groups but rather needed to be mobilized and activated, and that this is an important part of what certain historical actors described by the narratives — and the narratives themselves — were seeking to do. More broadly, the unexpected convergences among the narratives, and unexpected strategies within individual narratives, demonstrate that we must rethink how we narrate the history of medieval ecclesiastical disputes, ethnic and religious communities, and Christian attitudes towards orthodoxy and empire.

Esta publicação analisa a situação de insegurança alimentar na cidade de Belo Horizonte, capital do estado de Minas Gerais e município reconhecido nacionalmente por um histórico de execução de políticas públicas de segurança alimentar. Os dados analisados foram coletados por meio de pesquisa de opinião pública representativa da população Belo-horizontina, realizada em pontos de fluxo distribuídos em 113 bairros entre os dias 7 e 27 de abril de 2022. Esta pesquisa foi coordenada pelo Grupo de Pesquisa Alimento para Justiça: Poder, Política e Desigualdades Alimentares na Bioeconomia, da Freie Universität Berlin (Alemanha), em parceria com pesquisadoras/es da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), do Fórum de Pesquisadores em Soberania e Segurança Alimentar de Belo Horizonte, da Subsecretaria de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional da Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte, do Instituto Fome Zero (IFZ) e do Centro de Estudo das Metrópolis da Universidade de São Paulo (CEM/USP). Os resultados demonstram que 55,7% dos domicílios viviam algum tipo de insegurança alimentar, seja leve (30,1%), moderada (12,4%) ou grave (13,2%). Verificou-se também que alguns domicílios estavam mais expostos à insegurança alimentar que outros, por exemplo quando eram chefiados por única pessoa do sexo feminino (63,3%) ou de raça ou cor parda (57,3%) e preta (68,4%), ou ainda, quando tinham em sua composição crianças de até 4 anos (66,9%) ou crianças e adolescentes de 5 a 17 anos (64,7%). A frequência de insegurança alimentar é também significativa nos domicílios cuja renda per capita é equivalente a até ¼ do salário-mínimo (R$ 303,00, trezentos e três reais) (86,9%). Conclui-se que a insegurança alimentar se reproduz a partir do entrelaçamento de desigualdades, o que exige um conjunto amplo de ações que venham a superar tais assimetrias, o que inclui uma ação Estatal que articule diferentes níveis e esferas de poder, com participação popular, e de abordagem intersetorial, que integre e assegure um conjunto de direitos e políticas à população que mais precisa.

Context. The HD 108236 system was first announced with the detection of four small planets based on TESS data. Shortly after, the transit of an additional planet with a period of 29.54 d was serendipitously detected by CHEOPS. In this way, HD 108236 (V = 9.2) became one of the brightest stars known to host five small transiting planets (Rp < 3 R⊕).

Aims. We characterize the planetary system by using all the data available from CHEOPS and TESS space missions. We use the flexible pointing capabilities of CHEOPS to follow up the transits of all the planets in the system, including the fifth transiting body.

Methods. After updating the host star parameters by using the results from Gaia eDR3, we analyzed 16 and 43 transits observed by CHEOPS and TESS, respectively, to derive the planets’ physical and orbital parameters. We carried out a timing analysis of the transits of each of the planets of HD 108236 to search for the presence of transit timing variations.

Results. We derived improved values for the radius and mass of the host star (R★ = 0.876 ± 0.007 R0 and M★ = 0.867-0.046+0.047M⊙). We confirm the presence of the fifth transiting planet f in a 29.54 d orbit. Thus, the HD 108236 system consists of five planets of Rb = 1.587±0.028, Rc = 2.122±0.025, Rd = 2.629 ± 0.031, Re = 3.008 ± 0.032, and Rf = 1.89 ± 0.04 [R⊕]. We refine the transit ephemeris for each planet and find no significant transit timing variations for planets c, d, and e. For planets b and f, instead, we measure significant deviations on their transit times (up to 22 and 28 min, respectively) with a non-negligible dispersion of 9.6 and 12.6 min in their time residuals.

Conclusions. We confirm the presence of planet f and find no significant evidence for a potential transiting planet in a 10.9 d orbital period, as previously suggested. Further monitoring of the transits, particularly for planets b and f, would confirm the presence of the observed transit time variations. HD 108236 thus becomes a key multi-planetary system for the study of formation and evolution processes. The reported precise results on the planetary radii – together with a profuse RV monitoring – will allow for an accurate characterization of the internal structure of these planets.

Perseverance’s Mastcam-Z instrument provides high-resolution stereo and multispectral images with a unique combination of spatial resolution, spatial coverage, and wavelength coverage along the rover’s traverse in Jezero crater, Mars. Images reveal rocks consistent with an igneous (including volcanic and/or volcaniclastic) and/or impactite origin and limited aqueous alteration, including polygonally fractured rocks with weathered coatings; massive boulder-forming bedrock consisting of mafic silicates, ferric oxides, and/or iron-bearing alteration minerals; and coarsely layered outcrops dominated by olivine. Pyroxene dominates the iron-bearing mineralogy in the fine-grained regolith, while olivine dominates the coarse-grained regolith. Solar and atmospheric imaging observations show significant intra- and intersol variations in dust optical depth and water ice clouds, as well as unique examples of boundary layer vortex action from both natural (dust devil) and Ingenuity helicopter–induced dust lifting. High-resolution stereo imaging also provides geologic context for rover operations, other instrument observations, and sample selection, characterization, and confirmation.

The Anthropocene was conceptualized in 2000 to reflect the extensive impact of human activities on our planet, and subsequent detailed analyses have revealed a substantial Earth System response to these impacts beginning in the mid-20th century. Key to this understanding was the discovery of a sharp upturn in a multitude of global socio-economic indicators and Earth System trends at that time; a phenomenon termed the ‘Great Acceleration’. It coincides with massive increases in global human-consumed energy and shows the Earth System now on a trajectory far exceeding the earlier variability of the Holocene Epoch, and in some respects the entire Quaternary Period. The evaluation of geological signals similarly shows the mid-20th century as representing the most appropriate inception for the Anthropocene. A recent mathematical analysis has nonetheless challenged the significance of the original Great Acceleration data. We examine this analytical approach and reiterate the robustness of the original data in supporting the Great Acceleration, while emphasizing that intervals of rapid growth are inevitably time-limited, as recognised at the outset. Moreover, the exceptional magnitude of this growth remains undeniable, reaffirming the centrality of the Great Acceleration in justifying a formal chronostratigraphic Anthropocene at the rank of series/epoch.

Aims. Stellar flares emit thermal and nonthermal radiation in the X-ray and ultraviolet (UV) regime. Although high energetic radiation from flares is a potential threat to exoplanet atmospheres and may lead to surface sterilization, it might also provide the extra energy for low-mass stars needed to trigger and sustain prebiotic chemistry. Despite the UV continuum emission being constrained partly by the flare temperature, few efforts have been made to determine the flare temperature for ultra-cool M-dwarfs. We investigate two flares on TRAPPIST-1, an ultra-cool dwarf star that hosts seven exoplanets of which three lie within its habitable zone. The flares are detected in all four passbands of the MuSCAT2 instrument allowing a determination of their temperatures and bolometric energies.

Methods. We analyzed the light curves of the MuSCATl (multicolor simultaneous camera for studying atmospheres of transiting exoplanets) and MuSCAT2 instruments obtained between 2016 and 2021 in g, r, i, zs-filters. We conducted an automated flare search and visually confirmed possible flare events. The black body temperatures were inferred directly from the spectral energy distribution (SED) by extrapolating the filter-specific flux. We studied the temperature evolution, the global temperature, and the peak temperature of both flares.

Results. White-light M-dwarf flares are frequently described in the literature by a black body with a temperature of 9000–10 000 K. For the first time we infer effective black body temperatures of flares that occurred on TRAPPIST-1. The black body temperatures for the two TRAPPIST-1 flares derived from the SED are consistent with TSED = 7940−390+430 K and TSED = 6030−270+300 K. The flare black body temperatures at the peak are also calculated from the peak SED yielding TSEDp = 13 620−1220+1520 K and TSEDp = 8290−550+660 K. We update the flare frequency distribution of TRAPPIST-1 and discuss the impacts of lower black body temperatures on exoplanet habitability.

Conclusions. We show that for the ultra-cool M-dwarf TRAPPIST-1 the flare black body temperatures associated with the total continuum emission are lower and not consistent with the usually adopted assumption of 9000–10 000 K in the context of exoplanet research. For the peak emission, both flares seem to be consistent with the typical range from 9000 to 14 000 K, respectively. This could imply different and faster cooling mechanisms. Further multi-color observations are needed to investigate whether or not our observations are a general characteristic of ultra-cool M-dwarfs. This would have significant implications for the habitability of exoplanets around these stars because the UV surface flux is likely to be overestimated by the models with higher flare temperatures.

Chondrites are undifferentiated meteorites that can provide information on the compositions of materials in the early solar System, including the building blocks of the terrestrial planets. While most chondrites belong to well-defined groups based on their mineralogy and chemical composition, a minor fraction have unusual characteristics and are classified as ungrouped chondrites. These ungrouped chondrites reflect the diversity of chondritic materials in the early solar system; however, they are not as well studied as grouped meteorites and their origins are poorly understood. In this study, we present high-precision mass-independent Cr, Ca and Mg isotope data for 17 ungrouped chondrites. The ε54Cr and ε48Ca (ε expresses parts per ten thousand mass-independent isotope deviation) data for ungrouped chondrites also provide important constraints for assessing their relationships to the known chondrite groups, and the radiogenic Mg isotope ratios (μ26Mg*) can be used to track the early solar system history. We also present the first high-precision data for a Kakangari (KC) chondrite, an enstatite chondrite, and for four enstatite-rich meteorites. The ε54Cr and ε48Ca values for the KC are −0.44 ± 0.04 and −1.30 ± 0.25, respectively, and ε48Ca value for SAH 97096 (EH3) is −0.19 ± 0.22 that overlaps with that of those of Earth-Moon system and ordinary chondrites. All the carbonaceous chondrite-like (CC) ungrouped chondrites show positive ε54Cr and ε48Ca values, and all the non-carbonaceous chondrite-like (NC) ungrouped chondrites and KCs (also belong to the NC trend) show zero or negative ε54Cr and ε48Ca values. This observation confirms the CC-NC dichotomy for primitive solar system materials. LEW 87232 (KC) also shows the highest 55Mn/52Cr ratio and ε53Cr value amongst all the chondrites. There is a positive trend between 55Mn/52Cr ratios and ε53Cr values among all the chondrites that mostly reflects a mixing between multiple chondritic components. Previously it has been reported that there is a bulk 26Al-26Mg correlation line amongst chondrites. This correlation has been interpreted as being due to mixing of CAIs (high 27Al/24Mg ratios and μ26Mg* values) and other silicate material (e.g., chondrules and matrix). By providing additional 26Al-26Mg chondrite data, we show that there is no 26Al-26Mg correlation line for the chondrites, ruling out the two-endmember (i.e., CAIs and other silicates) mixing model.

Little is known about the impact of morphological disorders in distinct zones on metabolic zonation. It was described recently that periportal fibrosis did affect the expression of CYP proteins, a set of pericentrally located drug-metabolizing enzymes. Here, we investigated whether periportal steatosis might have a similar effect. Periportal steatosis was induced in C57BL6/J mice by feeding a high-fat diet with low methionine/choline content for either two or four weeks. Steatosis severity was quantified using image analysis. Triglycerides and CYP activity were quantified in photometric or fluorometric assay. The distribution of CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 was visualized by immunohistochemistry. Pharmacokinetic parameters of test drugs were determined after injecting a drug cocktail (caffeine, codeine, and midazolam). The dietary model resulted in moderate to severe mixed steatosis confined to periportal and midzonal areas. Periportal steatosis did not affect the zonal distribution of CYP expression but the activity of selected CYPs was associated with steatosis severity. Caffeine elimination was accelerated by microvesicular steatosis, whereas midazolam elimination was delayed in macrovesicular steatosis. In summary, periportal steatosis affected parameters of pericentrally located drug metabolism. This observation calls for further investigations of the highly complex interrelationship between steatosis and drug metabolism and underlying signaling mechanisms.