Due to its history of language contact with French, modern Vietnamese contains numerous loanwords of French origin, many of which refer to a variety of culturally transmitted items (such as clothing, food, technology, tradeable objects more generally). The present study deals with the phonological aspects of such loans, considering tone, syllable structure and segmental structure. The analysis is based on a corpus of roughly 500 Vietnamese nouns of French origin that, according to native speakers’ judgments, are still in use. As for tonal structure, generalizations about tone assignment made in previous research are modified. The systematic analysis of repair strategies applying to French consonant clusters in onsets and codas shows that Vietnamese generally prefers deletion over epenthesis, unlike many other languages, with two additional repair processes being attested in specific contexts, as well.

We present a general experimental concept for jitter-free pump and probe experiments at free electron lasers. By generating pump and probe pulse from one and the same X-ray pulse using an optical split-and-delay unit, we obtain a temporal resolution that is limited only by the X-ray pulse lengths. In a two-color X-ray pump and X-ray probe experiment with sub 70 fs temporal resolution, we selectively probe the response of orbital and charge degree of freedom in the prototypical functional oxide magnetite after photoexcitation. We find electronic order to be quenched on a time scale of (30 ± 30) fs and hence most likely faster than what is to be expected for any lattice dynamics. Our experimental result hints to the formation of a short lived transient state with decoupled electronic and lattice degree of freedom in magnetite. The excitation and relaxation mechanism for X-ray pumping is discussed within a simple model leading to the conclusion that within the first 10 fs the original photoexcitation decays into low-energy electronic excitations comparable to what is achieved by optical pump pulse excitation. Our findings show on which time scales dynamical decoupling of degrees of freedom in functional oxides can be expected and how to probe this selectively with soft X-ray pulses. Results can be expected to provide crucial information for theories for ultrafast behavior of materials and help to develop concepts for novel switching devices.

Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is crucial to the maintenance of neuronal integrity and function. As the contact sites between neurons, synapses rely heavily on precisely regulated protein-protein interactions to support synaptic transmission and plasticity processes. Autophagy is an effective degradative pathway that can digest cellular components and maintain cellular proteostasis. Perturbations of autophagy have been implicated in aging and neurodegeneration due to a failure to remove damaged proteins and defective organelles. Recent evidence has demonstrated that autophagosome formation is prominent at synaptic terminals and neuronal autophagy is regulated in a compartment-specific fashion. Moreover, synaptic components including synaptic proteins and vesicles, postsynaptic receptors and synaptic mitochondria are known to be degraded by autophagy, thereby contributing to the remodeling of synapses. Indeed, emerging studies indicate that modulation of autophagy may be required for different forms of synaptic plasticity and memory formation. In this review, I will discuss our current understanding of the important role of neuronal/synaptic autophagy in maintaining neuronal function by degrading synaptic components and try to propose a conceptual framework of how the degradation of synaptic components via autophagy might impact synaptic function and contribute to synaptic plasticity.

The search for neural correlates of operant and observational learning requires a combination of two (experimental) conditions that are very difficult to combine: stable recording from high order neurons and free movement of the animal in a rather natural environment. We developed a virtual environment (VE) that simulates a simplified 3D world for honeybees walking stationary on an air-supported spherical treadmill. We show that honeybees perceive the stimuli in the VE as meaningful by transferring learned information from free flight to the virtual world. In search for neural correlates of learning in the VE, mushroom body extrinsic neurons were recorded over days during learning. We found changes in the neural activity specific to the rewarded and unrewarded visual stimuli. Our results suggest an involvement of the mushroom body extrinsic neurons in operant learning in the honeybee (Apis mellifera).

Elongated landscape features like forest edges, rivers, roads or boundaries of fields are particularly salient landmarks for navigating animals. Here, we ask how honeybees learn such structures and how they are used during their homing flights after being released at an unexpected location (catch-and-release paradigm). The experiments were performed in two landscapes that differed with respect to their overall structure: a rather feature-less landscape, and one rich in close and far distant landmarks. We tested three different forms of learning: learning during orientation flights, learning during training to a feeding site, and learning during homing flights after release at an unexpected site within the explored area. We found that bees use elongated ground structures, e.g., a field boundary separating two pastures close to the hive (Experiment 1), an irrigation channel (Experiment 2), a hedgerow along which the bees were trained (Experiment 3), a gravel road close to the hive and the feeder (Experiment 4), a path along an irrigation channel with its vegetation close to the feeder (Experiment 5) and a gravel road along which bees performed their homing flights (Experiment 6). Discrimination and generalization between the learned linear landmarks and similar ones in the test area depend on their object properties (irrigation channel, gravel road, hedgerow) and their compass orientation. We conclude that elongated ground structures are embedded into multiple landscape features indicating that memory of these linear structures is one component of bee navigation. Elongated structures interact and compete with other references. Object identification is an important part of this process. The objects are characterized not only by their appearance but also by their alignment in the compass. Their salience is highest if both components are close to what had been learned. High similarity in appearance can compensate for (partial) compass misalignment, and vice versa.

Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is crucial to the maintenance of neuronal integrity and function. As the contact sites between neurons, synapses rely heavily on precisely regulated protein-protein interactions to support synaptic transmission and plasticity processes. Autophagy is an effective degradative pathway that can digest cellular components and maintain cellular proteostasis. Perturbations of autophagy have been implicated in aging and neurodegeneration due to a failure to remove damaged proteins and defective organelles. Recent evidence has demonstrated that autophagosome formation is prominent at synaptic terminals and neuronal autophagy is regulated in a compartment-specific fashion. Moreover, synaptic components including synaptic proteins and vesicles, postsynaptic receptors and synaptic mitochondria are known to be degraded by autophagy, thereby contributing to the remodeling of synapses. Indeed, emerging studies indicate that modulation of autophagy may be required for different forms of synaptic plasticity and memory formation. In this review, I will discuss our current understanding of the important role of neuronal/synaptic autophagy in maintaining neuronal function by degrading synaptic components and try to propose a conceptual framework of how the degradation of synaptic components via autophagy might impact synaptic function and contribute to synaptic plasticity.

R2-like ligand-binding oxidases (R2lox) assemble a heterodinuclear Mn/Fe cofactor which performs reductive dioxygen (O2) activation, catalyzes formation of a tyrosine–valine ether cross-link in the protein scaffold, and binds a fatty acid in a putative substrate channel. We have previously shown that the N-terminal metal binding site 1 is unspecific for manganese or iron in the absence of O2, but prefers manganese in the presence of O2, whereas the C-terminal site 2 is specific for iron. Here, we analyze the effects of amino acid exchanges in the cofactor environment on cofactor assembly and metalation specificity using X-ray crystallography, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and metal quantification. We find that exchange of either the cross-linking tyrosine or the valine, regardless of whether the mutation still allows cross-link formation or not, results in unspecific manganese or iron binding at site 1 both in the absence or presence of O2, while site 2 still prefers iron as in the wild-type. In contrast, a mutation that blocks binding of the fatty acid does not affect the metal specificity of either site under anoxic or aerobic conditions, and cross-link formation is still observed. All variants assemble a dinuclear trivalent metal cofactor in the aerobic resting state, independently of cross-link formation. These findings imply that the cross-link residues are required to achieve the preference for manganese in site 1 in the presence of O2. The metalation specificity, therefore, appears to be established during the redox reactions leading to cross-link formation.

Paratuberculosis is a major disease in cattle that severely affects animal welfare and causes huge economic losses worldwide. Development of alternative diagnostic methods is of urgent need to control the disease. Recent studies suggest that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role in regulating immune function and may confer valuable information about the disease. However, their role has not yet been investigated in cattle with respect to infection towards Paratuberculosis. Therefore, we investigated the alteration in genomic expression profiles of mRNA and lncRNA in bovine macrophages in response to Paratuberculosis infection using RNA-Seq. We identified 397 potentially novel lncRNA candidates in macrophages of which 38 were differentially regulated by the infection. A total of 820 coding genes were also significantly altered by the infection. Co-expression analysis of lncRNAs and their neighbouring coding genes suggest regulatory functions of lncRNAs in pathways related to immune response. For example, this included protein coding genes such as TNIP3, TNFAIP3 and NF-κB2 that play a role in NF-κB2 signalling, a pathway associated with immune response. This study advances our understanding of lncRNA roles during Paratuberculosis infection.

We study the bulk-boundary correspondence for topological crystalline phases, where the crystalline symmetry is an order-two (anti)symmetry, unitary or antiunitary. We obtain a formulation of the bulk-boundary correspondence in terms of a subgroup sequence of the bulk classifying groups, which uniquely determines the topological classification of the boundary states. This formulation naturally includes higher-order topological phases as well as topologically nontrivial bulk systems without topologically protected boundary states. The complete bulk and boundary classification of higher-order topological phases with an additional order-two symmetry or antisymmetry is contained in this work.

Core-virus like particles (VLPs) assembly is a kinetically complex cascade of interactions between viral proteins, nanoparticle’s surface and an ionic environment. Despite many in silico simulations regarding this process, there is still a lack of experimental data. The main goal of this study was to investigate the capsid protein of hepatitis B virus (HBc) assembly into virus-like particles with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as a magnetic core in relation to their characteristics. The native form of HBc was obtained via agroinfection of Nicotiana benthamiana with pEAQ-HBc plasmid. SPIONs of diameter of 15 nm were synthesized and functionalized with two ligands, providing variety in ζ-potential and hydrodynamic diameter. The antigenic potential of the assembled core-VLPs was assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Morphology of SPIONs and core-VLPs was evaluated via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The most successful core-VLPs assembly was obtained for SPIONs functionalized with dihexadecyl phosphate (DHP) at SPIONs/HBc ratio of 0.2/0.05 mg/mL. ELISA results indicate significant decrease of antigenicity concomitant with core-VLPs assembly. In summary, this study provides an experimental assessment of the crucial parameters guiding SPION-HBc VLPs assembly and evaluates the antigenicity of the obtained structures.

To build a representation of what we see, the human brain recruits regions throughout the visual cortex in cascading sequence. Recently, an approach was proposed to evaluate the dynamics of visual perception in high spatiotemporal resolution at the scale of the whole brain. This method combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data with magnetoencephalography (MEG) data using representational similarity analysis and revealed a hierarchical progression from primary visual cortex through the dorsal and ventral streams. To assess the replicability of this method, we here present the results of a visual recognition neuro-imaging fusion experiment and compare them within and across experimental settings. We evaluated the reliability of this method by assessing the consistency of the results under similar test conditions, showing high agreement within participants. We then generalized these results to a separate group of individuals and visual input by comparing them to the fMRI-MEG fusion data of Cichy et al (2016), revealing a highly similar temporal progression recruiting both the dorsal and ventral streams. Together these results are a testament to the reproducibility of the fMRI-MEG fusion approach and allows for the interpretation of these spatiotemporal dynamic in a broader context.

The search for natural anticancer agents and nanocarrier uses are a part of the current strategies to overcome the side effects caused by chemotherapeutics. Liposomal nanocapsules loaded with purified tarin, a potential immunomodulatory and antitumoral lectin found in taro corms, were produced. Liposomes were composed by 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoethanolamine, cholesterylhemisuccinate, and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[folate(polyethylene glycol)-2000 prepared by thin-film hydration. Small unilamellar vesicles were achieved by sonication and extrusion. Scanning electron microscopy evidenced round-shaped nanocapsules presenting a smooth surface, 150 nm diameter and polydispersity index <0.2, estimated by dynamic light scattering. Tarin entrapment rates were over 80% and leakage of ~3% under 40 days of storage at 4 °C. Entrapped tarin exhibited an 83% release after 6 h at pH 4.6–7.4 and 36 °C. Both free and encapsulated tarin exhibited no in vitro toxicity against healthy mice bone marrow and L929 cells but stimulated the production of fibroblast-like and large round-shaped cells. Encapsulated tarin resulted in inhibition of human glioblastoma (U-87 MG) and breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) proliferation, with an IC50 of 39.36 and 71.38 µg/mL, respectively. The effectiveness of encapsulated tarin was similar to conventional chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin and temozolide. Tarin liposomal nanocapsules exhibited superior pharmacological activity compared to free tarin as a potential chemotherapy adjuvant

The timing regimes of precipitation can exert profound impacts on grassland ecosystems. However, it is still unclear how the peak aboveground biomass (AGBpeak) of alpine grasslands responds to the temporal variability of growing season precipitation (GSP) on the northern Tibetan Plateau. Here, the temporal variability of precipitation was defined as the number and intensity of precipitation events as well as the time interval between consecutive precipitation events. We conducted annual field measurements of AGBpeak between 2009 and 2016 at four sites that were representative of alpine meadow, meadow-steppe, alpine steppe, and desert-steppe. Thus, an empirical model was established with the time series of the field-measured AGBpeak and the corresponding enhanced vegetation index (EVI) (R2 = 0.78), which was used to estimate grassland AGBpeak at the regional scale. The relative importance of the three indices of the temporal variability of precipitation, events, intensity, and time interval on grassland AGBpeak was quantified by principal component regression and shown in a red–green–blue (RGB) composition map. The standardized importance values were used to calculate the vegetation sensitivity index to the temporal variability of precipitation (VSIP). Our results showed that the standardized VSIP was larger than 60 for only 15% of alpine grassland pixels and that AGBpeak did not change significantly for more than 60% of alpine grassland pixels over the past decades, which was likely due to the nonsignificant changes in the temporal variability of precipitation in most pixels. However, a U-shaped relationship was found between VSIP and GSP across the four representative grassland types, indicating that the sensitivity of grassland AGBpeak to precipitation was dependent on the types of grassland communities. Moreover, we found that the temporal variability of precipitation explained more of the field-measured AGBpeak variance than did the total amount of precipitation alone at the site scale, which implies that the mechanisms underlying how the temporal variability of precipitation controls the AGBpeak of alpine grasslands should be better understood at the local scale. We hypothesize that alpine grassland plants promptly respond to the temporal variability of precipitation to keep community biomass production more stable over time, but this conclusion should be further tested. Finally, we call for a long-term experimental study that includes multiple natural and anthropogenic factors together, such as warming, nitrogen deposition, and grazing and fencing, to better understand the mechanisms of alpine grassland stability on the Tibetan Plateau. View Full-Text

An efficient microwave-assisted one-step synthetic route toward Mannich bases is developed from 4-hydroxyacetophenone and different secondary amines in quantitative yields, via a regioselective substitution reaction. The reaction takes a short time and is non-catalyzed and reproducible on a gram scale. The environmentally benign methodology provides a novel alternative, to the conventional methodologies, for the synthesis of mono- and disubstituted Mannich bases of 4-hydroxyacetophenone. All compounds were well-characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. The structures of 1-{4-hydroxy-3-[(morpholin-4-yl)methyl]phenyl}ethan-1-one (2a) and 1-{4-hydroxy-3-[(pyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl]phenyl}ethan-1-one (3a) were determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Compound 2a and 3a crystallize in monoclinic, P21/n, and orthorhombic, Pbca, respectively. The most characteristic features of the molecular structure of 2a is that the morpholine fragment adopts a chair conformation with strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Compound 3a exhibits intermolecular hydrogen bonding, too. Furthermore, the computed Hirshfeld surface analysis confirms H-bonds and π–π stack interactions obtained by XRD packing analyses.

(1) Hope and optimism are strongly connected to physical and psychological health and have been much researched in the field of positive psychology. Research has shown that hope is connected to pro-environmental behavior and plays an important role in ESD. (2) In order to operationalize hope and optimism, in a survey, 2564 young people and 525 teachers in Germany assessed the probability and desirability of predefined future scenarios. (3) Only every fourth respondent is optimistic regarding the global future. The biggest discrepancy between expectation and desirability exists with regard to climate change. Latent class analysis revealed four classes, whereby 50% of the participants are &ldquo;sustainability-affine but disillusioned&rdquo;. This half of the sample has great potential to promote a sustainable future: For them, a positive socio-ecological future has by far the highest value. They report the strongest emotions regarding SD and want to take the most responsibility for SD. Surprisingly, they do not disclose more sustainable behavior in comparison to the other classes. (4) The low expectation of positive socio-ecological developments might be a central factor in preventing half of the sample from behaving more sustainable and indicating a strong potential for hope. The implications for Education for Sustainable Development are discussed.

Kunst und innerhalb dieser die Architektur ist Ausdruck der zeitlichen Gegebenheiten. Diese waren 1945 nach der mentalen und physischen Hinterlassenschaft des Naziregimes desaströs, Stuttgart - die Heimatstadt des Architekten Rolf Gutbrod (1910 - 1999) - war völlig untergegangen. Wie sollte der Wiederaufbau geschehen? Als Anknüpfung an die erste Stuttgarter Bauschule vor 1933, als Anpassung an den „internationalen Stil“ als Re-Import des Bauhausstils? Ein kleines Gebäude - die Milchbar auf dem Stuttgarter Höhenpark Killesberg 1950, die einer Bauzeitung als sonderbar bezeichnet wird, um sie in der Folge als Befreiung zu loben - steht am Anfang der individualisierten Baukunst des Architekten Rolf Gutbrod. Yehudi Menuhin - wer könnte besser ein Werk einer verwandten Kunstgattung bewerten als er? - findet für das Konzerthaus Liederhalle 1956 die folgenden Worte: Nachdem ich nun schon zum zweiten Male in Ihrer neuen Liederhalle konzertiert habe, schreibe ich Ihnen, um Ihnen zu diesem Gebäude Glück zu wünschen. Der Raum ist akustisch hervorragend. Dabei hat seine geniale Asymmetrie für den Künstler etwas geradezu Befreiendes. In ihm scheint die mechanistische Perfektion, die unsere Kultur so bedroht, überwunden zu sein. Die freie Bewegtheit des Raumes steht in einem direkten Zusammenhang mit der freien Bewegtheit der Kunst der Musik. In einem solchen Raum ist es leicht, neue und alte Musik schöpferisch nachzuschaffen. Dass gerade in Deutschland, dem der Ruf der Reglementierung auch im Geistigen noch immer anhaftet, ein solches Gebäude an so wichtiger Stelle entstand, freut mich tief. Christoph Hackelsberger schrieb Mitte der 1980er Jahre über dieses Gebäude: Die äußere Erscheinung befremdete in ihrer Neuartigkeit nicht nur die Traditionalisten, sondern auch die Anhänger der klassischen Moderne. So entstand mitten in der Orientierungsphase der deutschen Architektur ein autochthones, organisches Baukunstwerk. In dieser Studie wird am Beispiel exemplarischer Bauwerke das Autochthone des Werks des Architekten, das so erfrischend vor dem Hintergrund der gegenwärtigen Kubenarchitektur wirkt, dargestellt.

Wissensorganisation is the name of a series of biennial conferences / workshops with a long tradition, organized by the German chapter of the International Society of Knowledge Organization (ISKO). The 15th conference in this series, held at Freie Universität Berlin, focused on knowledge organization for the digital humanities. Structuring, and interacting with, large data collections has become a major issue in the digital humanities. In these proceedings, various aspects of knowledge organization in the digital humanities are discussed, and the authors of the papers show how projects in the digital humanities deal with knowledge organization.

Die Rede von der “reinen” und “freien” Wissenschaft hatte in der deutschen Nachkriegszeit vielfach die Funktion, die Teilhabe dieser Wissenschaft an den Schuld- und Gewaltzusammenhänge nationalsozialistischer Politik unkenntlich zu machen. Das Wissenschaftsideal war in diesem Sinne ein Teil des Schweigens danach. Daran anknüpfend zeigt Elvira Scheich, dass das gesellschaftliche Wissenschaftsverständnis mit der deutschen Geschichte und deutscher Erinnerungspolitik in mehrfacher Weise verknüpft ist. Ihre Studie geht der Fragestellung nach, mit welchen verschiedenen Bedeutungen die Wissenschaft im Gedächtnis der Nachkriegsgesellschaft der BRD aufgeladen wurde und wie diese miteinander im Verhältnis stehen. Das Schlüsselmoment ist dabei die Rolle deutscher Wissenschaftler in der Anti-Atomwaffenbewegung der 1950er Jahre, in der die Wissenschaft zur moralisch integren Instanz avancierte. Als Material wurden zwei Zeitschriften zum einen die Physikalischen Blätter und zum anderen Frau und Frieden analysiert, die in der Debatte über nukleare Waffen zentrale Beiträge lieferten. Der Ausgangspunkt der Arbeit ist ein Ereignis, das im Zwischenraum von Wissenschaft, Politik und Öffentlichkeit stattfand. Es handelt sich um die sogenannte “Göttinger Erklärung”, in der 18 führende deutsche Wissenschaftler den Bau und die Benutzung von Atomwaffen öffentlichkeitswirksam ablehnten. Der Hintergrund dieses Ereignisses war eine weltweit alarmierte Wahrnehmung der besonderen Bedrohungen, die von Radioaktivität ausgehen, und die Debatte um die Stationierung atomarer Waffen in der BRD. Die darauf bezugnehmende Massenbewegung “Kampf dem Atomtod” in den Jahren 1957 und 1958 bildet den erweiterten Kontext der Untersuchung. Im öffentlichen Diskurs jener Zeit avancierte Wissenschaft zu einem Ersatz für Politik, deren Motive generell moralisch zweifelhaft erschienen. Aber erst mit der Wendung der Auseinandersetzung um Atomwaffen zu einer Gewissensfrage, die eine absolute und vom konkreten politischen Kontext unabhängige Geltung beansprucht, erhielt Wissenschaft ihren besonderen Stellenwert: In der beklemmenden Alternative zwischen Leben oder Tod der gesamten Menschheit wurde die Notwendigkeit eines überpolitischen Handelns betont, die Vernunft der “übernationalen” Wissenschaft angerufen und an das “Forschergewissen” appelliert. Der grundsätzlichen Rahmen und die wesentliche Begriffe der Interpretation folgen den Forschungsansätzen zu Traumatisierung und den Theorien zum kulturellen Gedächtnis, mit denen frühere soziologische und sozialpsychologische Untersuchungen zu Schuld und Abwehr (Adorno 1955) sowie zu der Unfähigkeit zu trauern (Mitscherlich 1967) weiterentwickelt und erweitert wurden. Die wichtigsten dieser Konzepte sind Adornos Überlegungen zum Realmoment der Schuldabwehr und Dan Bar-Ons Analyse (1996) der paradoxen Rede, demnach eines Sprechens, das zugleich benennt und das Benannte verbirgt. Damit ist es möglich, ein sprechendes Schweigen zu identifizieren, das dem Diskurs über die Atomgefahr seine spezifische Gestalt gibt. Die beiden Haupteile der Untersuchung konzentrieren sich auf die Analyse der zwei Zeitschriften Physikalischen Blätter und Frau und Frieden. Damit wurden aus dem großen Spektrum der damaligen Debatte zwei sehr verschiedene soziale Gruppen, die Physiker und die friedenspolitisch engagierten Frauen, ausgewählt. Beide Gruppierungen zeichnen sich durch klare Topoi aus, mit denen sie sich in der Debatte über die Atomgefahr artikulieren und auf deren Grundlage sie jeweils ihr Verhältnis zur Vergangenheit im Nationalsozialismus bestimmen. In beiden Fällen lassen sich Verleugnungen und Denkblockaden entschlüsseln, die aus der Vergangenheit herrühren. Weiterführend lässt sich zeigen, dass es damit zu einer langfristigen Beschädigung sowohl der politischen Begriffe als auch der unter sie gefassten Wirklichkeiten führen. Markant dafür ist der Verlust der zeitlichen Dimension und die Löschung jüdischer Namen. Das Schlusskapitel geht auf das theoretische Denken über Wissenschaft ein und verfolgt die Spuren, die der historische Prozess auch in der gesellschaftswissenschaftlichen und wissenschaftssoziologischen Reflexion hinterlassen hat. Dafür wird an drei verschiedenen Theoriekomplexen herausgearbeitet, welche Rolle den Dimensionen von Zeit, Gedächtnis und Geschichte in den jeweiligen Vorstellungen über soziale Objektivierung zukommt. Am Beispiel der Wissenssoziologie, des Strukturalismus und der Kritischen Theorie wird analysiert, wie auf dieser Grundlage jeweils das Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft gefasst wird.

Climate simulations are the fuel to drive hydrological models that are used to assess the impacts of climate change and variability on hydrological parameters, such as river discharges, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration. Unlike with cars, where we know which fuel the engine requires, we never know in advance what unexpected side effects might be caused by the fuel we feed our models with. Sometimes we increase the fuel's octane number (bias correction) to achieve better performance and find out that the model behaves differently but not always as was expected or desired. This study investigates the impacts of projected climate change on the hydrology of the Upper Blue Nile catchment using two model ensembles consisting of five global CMIP5 Earth system models and 10 regional climate models (CORDEX Africa). WATCH forcing data were used to calibrate an eco-hydrological model and to bias-correct both model ensembles using slightly differing approaches. On the one hand it was found that the bias correction methods considerably improved the performance of average rainfall characteristics in the reference period (1970–1999) in most of the cases. This also holds true for non-extreme discharge conditions between Q20 and Q80. On the other hand, bias-corrected simulations tend to overemphasize magnitudes of projected change signals and extremes. A general weakness of both uncorrected and bias-corrected simulations is the rather poor representation of high and low flows and their extremes, which were often deteriorated by bias correction. This inaccuracy is a crucial deficiency for regional impact studies dealing with water management issues and it is therefore important to analyse model performance and characteristics and the effect of bias correction, and eventually to exclude some climate models from the ensemble. However, the multi-model means of all ensembles project increasing average annual discharges in the Upper Blue Nile catchment and a shift in seasonal patterns, with decreasing discharges in June and July and increasing discharges from August to November.

Extra-tropical cyclones in the subantarctic play a central role in the poleward transport of heat and moisture into Antarctica, with the latter being a key component of the mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet. As the climate in this region undergoes substantial changes, it is anticipated that the character of these synoptic features will change. There are a number of different methods used to identify and track cyclones, which can potentially lead to different conclusions as to cyclone variability and trends, and mechanisms which drive these features. Given this, it is timely to assess the level of consensus among 14 state-of-the-art cyclone identification and tracking methods. We undertake this comparison with the ERA-Interim data-set for the period 1979–2008 and find large differences in the number of tracks identified by different methods, but the spatial patterns of the system density broadly agree. Links between large-scale modes of variability, such as the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), and subantarctic cyclones as suggested in the literature are confirmed by our analysis. Trends in the number of cyclone tracks show a more diverse picture. Robust trends are identified by almost all methods for austral summer over the region south to 60°S, mainly due to the strong relation to SAM, whereas in austral winter the methods disagree in the statistical significance of the trends. The agreement among the methods is greater when the comparison is confined to the stronger cyclones. This is confirmed by a moisture flux analysis associated with these strong synoptic systems. Our results indicate that multiple cyclone identification and tracking methods should be used to obtain robust conclusions for trends in cyclone characteristics as well as their relation to the large-scale circulation in the subantarctic region.