Salt-rich ice particles, termed Type 3, are a major compositional group within Enceladus’ plume and Saturn’s E-ring, and are thought to represent frozen micron-sized aerosolized droplets of Enceladus’ salty subsurface ocean. Here, we present an analysis based on ≈1000 mass spectra of individual Type 3 E-ring ice grains recorded by Cassini’s Cosmic Dust Analyser revealing a large compositional diversity amongst these grains. We find at least five basic compositional subtypes dominated by either NaCl, NaHCO3/Na2CO3, Na2HPO4/Na3PO4, NaOH, KCl, or KOH. By conducting experiments and thermodynamic calculations, we show that salt separation in agreement with CDA observations occurs as a consequence of salt mineral precipitation only within droplet sizes >10 µm and freezing rates below 20 K/min. We suggest that oceanic spray forms with an average size of 100’s of µm entrained in a slow gas flow causing slow freezing and separation of salts. Subsequently they are accelerated to speeds >100 m/s in narrow ice vents where frequent wall collisions lead to much smaller fragments mostly containing a single type of salt, matching CDA observations. The gradual cooling of ocean droplets in combination with wall collisions determine the final size distribution and provide an efficient chemical separation of both inorganic and organic oceanic constituents into differently composed ice grains ejected into Enceladus’ plume.

The functionalization of a hexa-peri-benzocoronene–fluoranthene hybrid with a K-type bay region is investigated. Bromination proceeds regioselectively at two peripheral positions, which contradicts the electronic and structural predictions suggesting that substitution at the K-type bay region should be favored. Computational studies reveal that the transition state and intermediate energies for all substitution positions are comparable, though no substitution in the bay region is observed. To rationalize this unexpected regioselectivity, a model is proposed based on dynamic helical inversion, which prevents the corresponding Wheland intermediates from being stabilized. Subsequent conversion of the brominated compounds to nitrile derivatives affords compounds with photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 76% in solution. Organic light-emitting diodes with luminance values of up to 6,500 cd·m-2 are realized due to the effective energy level alignment by a hole-transport and electron blocking layer, which was not possible with the related nonfunctionalized derivative.

A pathogen infection can result in different outcomes, ranging from swift clearance of the pathogen to rapid death of the host. However, how such variation arises is not always well understood. This is particularly the case for bifurcating infection dynamics, which result in two distinct outcomes in the same host population: 1) terminal infections with rapid pathogen proliferation and imminent host death, and 2) persistent infections with lower, stable pathogen loads with no apparent effect on host survival. While there is theoretical agreement about how terminal infections arise, the emergence of persistent infections is currently debated. To shed light on this debate we experimentally investigated the hypothesis derived from a theoretical model, that pathogens persist in a specific body part within a tissue that protects the pathogen from the host immune response. For this purpose, we experimentally infected female Drosophila melanogaster with the bacterial pathogen Providencia burhodogranariea. Although the hypothesis was not supported by our data because the bacteria disseminated across the fly bodies, we observed spatial variation in pathogen clearance, which started most frequently in the abdomen. We also observed spatial variation in the persistent bacterial load, which was lower in the abdomen. These findings support the idea that the abdomen is less susceptible to infection or that bacteria survive less well in this location. Interestingly, our results additionally suggest that terminal infections are more likely to start due to bacterial proliferation in the thorax. We also extended a previous theoretical model to assess whether and how wounding related to thorax inoculation could facilitate the emergence of terminal infections. Taken together, our results suggest that instead of enabling persistent infections, protective niches for the pathogen might rather play a key role in the emergence of terminal infections.

Carbonaceous chondrites (CCs) exhibit profound non-systematic heterogeneity in their elemental and isotopic compositions, both within individual meteorite splits and among bulk samples of the same group, providing opportunities for a better understanding of early solar system processes. This variability also poses significant challenges for constraining bulk compositions of the parent bodies. We report new mass-independent Ti and Cr isotope data, integrated with major and trace element abundances for a suite of CC bulk rocks, to better understand the origin of this multiscale heterogeneity. Some bulk CCs (e.g., Yamato chondrites and Allende) exhibit elemental or isotopic compositions consistent with the literature, while others display significant differences. Simple binary or ternary mixtures, using ε50Ti, ε54Cr and chemical data from the present study and literature as constraints, cannot reproduce the full range of isotopic and elemental data. The data are best explained by a multi-component mixing model with a minimum of four endmembers, involving CI-like matrix, heterogeneous non-carbonaceous (NC) dust, and two distinct refractory inclusion populations. The latter are similar to the average composition of calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions (CAIs) and amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOAs) and a CAI-like component found in some chondrules. Crucially, the model constraints reveal that NC dust, which migrated into the CC region, contained chemically fractionated material, characterized by a significant depletion in siderophile elements. This result suggests that some NC dust in CC may represent silicate-rich debris derived from the collision of early differentiated planetesimals in the inner solar system. Thus, carbonaceous chondrites record a multi-stage history of early transport of variably 50Ti- and 54Cr-enriched CAIs and subsequent migration of chondritic and differentiated planetary debris into CI chondrite-like icy dust of the outer disk.

We report the synthesis, structural characterisation, and optoelectronic properties of a highly electron deficient bi(cyclopropylidene)-framework (CN8CP2). The developed one-pot synthesis gives access to the dianionic species via thermally induced homocoupling of an iodinated precursor. The controlled oxidation yields the radical anion, and the neutral molecule can be electrochemically generated in situ. Single-crystal X ray diffraction studies of the dianion reveal molecular layers separated by counter ions, thereby enabling fluorescence in the solid-state. The structure of the radical anion reveals a highly ordered arrangement of π-stacked molecules. Optical spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations indicate that the vibronic fine structure is governed by the vibrational modes of the cyclopropane core. The analysis of the electronic structures confirms extensive spin delocalisation for the radical anion and a pronounced σ aromaticity. The exceptional low energy levels of the acceptor orbitals are determined to −5.66 eV for the radical anion and −6.18 eV for the neutral species. Consequently, charge transfer to the neutral molecule or the radical anion results in the formation of the closed-shell dianion what circumvents instabilities that are associated with open-shell species formed for conventional electron acceptors. Thus, CN8CP2 appears as one of the strongest small molecule organic acceptors for advanced organic electronic materials.

Many commonly used dye classes suffer from strong overlap of their absorption and emission spectra, favoring reabsorption and hampering the combinaton of several dyes for multi-analyte sensing with single wavelength excitation. This can be overcome by increasing the energy difference between absorption and emission using donor-acceptor dyes with chargetransfer processes. A neglected concept to fine tune the Stokes shift is meta-substitution, which we exploited to design a single-benzene fluorophore exhibiting the largest Stokes shift of a zwitterionic compound. The meta-substitution of permanently-charged donor and acceptor groups provides a Stokes shift of >10 000 cm-1 (1.24 eV), absorbing light in the UV-region at 375 nm and emitting yellow-orange light at 605 nm. Relative to para-substitution, the orbitals are primed for more effective intramolecular charge-transfer and more energy is dissipated by structural reorganisation upon excitation, stemming from greater excited-state antiaromaticity. The large Stokes shift is retained by π-extended derivatives, thus meta-substitution of zwitterionic groups is a general way to design organic fluorophores with small spectral overlap.

The DEPRISK Deportation Database provides annual indicators related to immigration enforcement and deportation practices, including: "Orders to leave the territory"; "Total reported returns"; "Enforced returns"; "Other reported returns"; and "Refusals of entry at the border". The database currently includes bilateral data from over 40 deporting countries, including most OECD countries. Data is obtained from administrative sources in deporting countries, either through published government statistics or data requests. For many of the European countries, we rely on data provided by Eurostat.

This dataset contains four sets of model output files (NetCDF format) from dust cycle simulations using the Mars Planetary Climate Model (Mars PCM; Forget et al., 1999; Madeleine et al., 2011). The output files contain 2-dimensional fields that can be used for analyzing the simulated surface dust redistribution on Mars. The first set contains 13 Mars Years of simulations (MYs 24-36) with the default Mars PCM6, meaning activated rocket dust storm (RDS) and mountain top flow (MTF) schemes (Wang et al., 2018; Bierjon et al., 2022). The second set contains the same time frame of simulations but with deactivated RDS/MTF schemes. These two first sets use the original maps of the column dust optical depth (CDOD) from Montabone et al. (2015, 2020) as dust scenarios to drive the dust injection in the model. The third set contains the model output of 3 simulations with shifted timings of the Mars Year 25 global dust event. The fourth set contains the model output for MYs 28-33 with dust scenarios containing merged data from the original CDOD maps and the Mars Dust Storm Sequence Dataset (MDSSD; Saidel et al., 2022). The dust scenarios used for the third and fourth set were published at Ramette et al. (2025). This dataset further contains Python functions for reading the NetCDF files in this dataset and calculating net surface dust fluxes (not plug-and-play).

Ziel der vorliegenden Bibliographie ist es, die Produktion des Verlags von Christian Friedrich Voß d. Ä. und Christian Friedrich Voß d. J. aus den Jahren 1746 bis 1795 möglichst vollständig zu verzeichnen und damit das Profil ihres Unternehmens in seiner gesamten Breite sichtbar zu machen. Die Bibliographie umfasst insgesamt rund 800 Titelaufnahmen. Die gewählte Zeitspanne reicht von der Verlagsgründung durch den älteren Voß in Potsdam bis zum Todesjahr der beiden Voß, die wenige Tage nacheinander im April 1795 sterben.

This dataset contains mucin-type O-glycan profiling data from 24 human terminal ileum mucus samples analyzed by porous graphitized carbon liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (PGC-LC-MS/MS). The GlycoWorkbench file (.gwp) contains annotated MS/MS spectra and putative mucin-type O-glycan structures. The accompanying Excel table (.xlsx) reports identified glycan compositions, putative structures, m/z values, retention times, detected charge states, and relative abundances across individual samples.

Hexacyanotrimethylenecyclopropane (CN6CP) is an exceptionally strong organic electron acceptor in its neutral form, and widely applied for molecular doping to induce charge transfer processes and enable electrochemical systems. Yet, its fundamental molecular properties have remained largely unknown. Here, we show the first comprehensive structure-analytical characterization of CN6CP, enabled by an improved, low-temperature synthesis and the first solid-state structure of the neutral compound. The resulting procedure affords isolable, crystalline CN6CP that is stable for weeks at –30°C and can be recrystallised. Across all redox states, combined IR/Raman, UV–Vis and NMR measurements, together with NICS calculations, reveal an oxidation-state-dependent redistribution of electron density. These data show that CN6CP possesses a σ-aromatic cyclopropane core with tunable π-delocalisation, which is enhanced upon reduction while the additional charge is predominantly localised on the exocyclic acceptor framework. Cyclic voltammetry experiments unveil two reversible one-electron processes and an exceptionally low LUMO energy of –5.85 eV, which is the lowest reported for small organic molecules being significantly lower than those of benchmark acceptors such as F4TCNQ or F6TCNNQ. All together, these findings establish CN6CP as a structurally unique, extremely strong electron acceptor and provide the molecular basis underlying its performance in organic electronics and redox-active materials.

Unsere explorative Bestandsaufnahme folgt einem deskriptiven Forschungsdesign, das darauf abzielt, die methodischen Verfahren und epistemischen Implikationen der aktuellen Mapping-Landschaft systematisch zu erfassen. Die Analyse kombiniert eine strukturierte Dokumentenanalyse mit einem vergleichenden Bewertungsraster. Um die Intersubjektivität der Untersuchung zu gewährleisten, wurde das gesamte Korpus von drei Forscher*innen aus verschiedenen institutionellen Kontexten gesichtet und dabei die Reliabilität von Kodierungen überprüft. Eingeschlossen wurden Projekte, die zwischen Oktober 2023 und September 2025 öffentlich zugänglich waren und mindestens eine der folgenden Dimensionen kartieren: a) Zerstörung und Gewalt in Gaza, b) transnationale Mobilisierung und Protest, c) Repression, Zensur und Einschränkung zivilgesellschaftlicher beziehungsweise akademischer Räume. Dabei wurden nicht nur Projekte mit kartographischer Oberfläche verstanden, sondern im Sinne eines weiteren Mapping-Begriffs alle Vorhaben, die konfliktrelevante Evidenz durch systematische Erhebung oder Generierung in standardisierte Einheiten überführen und diese in einer Form bereitstellen, die zeitliche, räumliche oder relationale Vergleiche ermöglicht. Diese Operationalisierung erlaubt es, die drei Cluster im Fokus entlang gemeinsamer Bewertungsdimensionen wie Transparenz, Triangulation, Abdeckung und Kategoriendesign vergleichend zu analysieren.

Die Identifikation dieser Projekte erfolgte durch eine systematische Web- und Grauliteratur-Recherche, ergänzt durch ein Schneeballverfahren über Referenzen auf Projektseiten sowie durch thematische Expert*innenkenntnisse der Autor*innen. Ein zentrales Auswahlkriterium war die eigenständige Primärdatenerhebung bzw. -generierung. Dies umfasst beispielsweise die eigenständige Analyse von Satellitenbildern, visuelle Forensik, Codierung von Ereignisdaten oder die Sammlung von Betroffenenberichten. Projekte, die nur Daten anderer Initiativen aggregieren oder Fremddaten visuell aufbereiten, wurden ausgeschlossen.

Für jedes Projekt erfassten wir entlang der im Anhang dargestellten Kategorien: Projektname, Trägerinstitution, Projektbeginn, Forschungsgegenstand, zentrale Datenquellen, eingesetzte Methodik, erklärte Zielsetzung, methodische Grenzen und Schwächen sowie die technische und inhaltliche Funktionalität. Wo möglich, wurden hierfür Methodenseiten, Git Repositories und technische Beilagen ausgewertet. Auf dieser Grundlage entwickelten wir ein Kodierschema mit fünf Bewertungsdimensionen: 1) Transparenz der Datenerhebung und Nachvollziehbarkeit, 2) Validität und Triangulation der Quellen, 3) räumliche und zeitliche Abdeckung, 4) Granularität und Kategoriendesign, 5) Nutzbarkeit für Forschung und Öffentlichkeit. Jedes Projekt erhielt textuelle Profilierungen pro Dimension, die anschließend innerhalb der Cluster und clusterübergreifend gegenübergestellt wurden, um systematische zentrale empirische Befunde, Stärken und Lücken der bestehenden Mapping Landschaft zu identifizieren.

Dabei erhebt die Studie ausdrücklich keinen Anspruch auf Repräsentativität oder den Status einer Vollerhebung. Als explorative Bestandsaufnahme erfüllt sie vielmehr die Funktion eines kritischen Orientierungsrahmens für Forschende und dient vorrangig der Erschließung eines sehr heterogenen Felds von Evidenzquellen.

Studying the behavior of multiple geochronometers in ancient lunar rock samples provides insights into their relative robustness and allows to place the samples within the the early lunar bombardment timeline. Previous geochronological studies of samples 67955, 15455 and 67915 using a range of geochronological and microstructural investigations led to the conclusion that many zircons in these samples formed by impact-induced granular recrystallization or melting at 4.21 Ga in-situ. To further investigate these samples in the context of the lunar impact history, in situ U-Pb dates of baddeleyite and Ca-phosphates were used to study the behavior of these geochronometers compared to zircon. We identified five modes of occurrence for baddeleyite and Ca-phosphate of which some are indicative for modification by impacts based on their textures and context. We found that: 1) the U-Pb system in Zr phases in these samples was not disturbed by the 3.9 Ga basin-forming impact event (likely Imbrium) and 2) some Ca-phosphates were disturbed whereas the K-Ar system has not retained a pre-3.9 Ga signature within these samples. Our new age data adds additional weight to previous studies of lunar impactites that suggest that large basin-forming impacts may have occurred at 3.92 Ga, 4.21 Ga and 4.33 Ga supporting an exponential decay of lunar basin-forming impact events.

The mobility of ions under confinement in nanoporous materials is central to many electrochemical energy transformation and storage devices. By using ionic liquids (ILs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as well-defined, regular nanoporous host, the dynamic ion properties are explored in detail. Here, we demonstrate that applying a gate-voltage allows to considerably enhance the ion mobility. The experiments based on MOF films show a conductivity increase of up to 35%. Molecular dynamic simulations show that the gate-voltage-field causes layers of increased and decreased ion concentrations, parallel to the charge transfer direction. In these layers, the ion mobility can be up to 2.5 times larger than in the bulk phase or without an additional gate-voltage field. Thus, these layers of highly-mobile ions resemble gate-voltage-induced ion highways, causing the experimentally observed higher conductance. The study provides deeper insights into ion dynamics in nanopores, provides a method for enhanced ion mobilities and may help designing advanced electrochemical devices with improved dynamics and larger power-output.

This dataset presents the primary archaeological documentation from excavation work conducted at Amarna Site M50.14–16, located in the Main City South at Amarna (ancient Akhetaten, Middle Egypt, 18th Dynasty, c. 1353–1336 BCE). The material derives principally from the 2014 and 2017 field seasons and subsequent study seasons and comprises stratigraphic records, context sheets, archaeological plans, spatial data, photographic documentation, finds catalogues, and associated analytical results. The site consists of two domestic structures and an adjoining courtyard forming part of a densely occupied urban quarter of the 18th Dynasty capital. Excavation revealed evidence for integrated domestic and craft activities, including glass- and faience-working, metal processing, and associated high-temperature installations. The dataset includes detailed artefact inventories (ceramic, vitreous, metal, stone, and small finds), archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological data where available, and compositional analyses of selected materials. All records are presented in structured digital formats to facilitate reuse, comparative research, and integration with broader datasets relating to urban production and household economy at Amarna. The archive is intended to support transparency, reproducibility, and future analytical work on craft production, spatial organisation, and socio-economic practices within the short-lived capital founded by Akhenaten.

This dataset, created by the Varamin Plain Project team, contains the documentation of finds and samples from the soundings conducted at Ahmadabad-e Kuzehgaran in August 2018. Entailed are full listings of registered objects and samples in English and Persian, datatables with further information on C14 and microdebris samples, as well as the documentation of small finds including datatable, photographs, scanned and digitized drawings. Please refer to the enclosed Readme files for further information.

This dataset, created by the Varamin Plain Project team, contains the documentation of the pottery from the soundings conducted at Ahmadabad-e Kuzehgaran in August 2018. Included are two datatables for primary recording (count and weight by ware) and secondary recording (description of diagnostic sherds), as well as hand-drawings, digitized drawings, photographs, and notes on the recording methodology. Please refer to the enclosed Readme files for further information.