dc.contributor.author
Solomon, Eva
dc.date.accessioned
2018-06-07T17:17:19Z
dc.date.available
2014-12-10T14:04:18.893Z
dc.identifier.uri
https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/3639
dc.identifier.uri
http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-7839
dc.description
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT ii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES viii
ABBREVIATIONS ix INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE DEVELOPMENT JOURNALISM REVISITED 6
1.1 Meanings and Origins of Development Journalism 6 1.1.1 Towards the
Definition of Development Journalism 6 1.1.2 Origins and Influences of the
Practice of Development Journalism 11 1.2 Practices of Development Journalism
in Asia and Africa 15 1.3 Development Journalism in Contemporary Africa 18 1.4
Criticism of the Practice of Development Journalism 23 1.5 New Models of
Development Journalism 25 1.5.1 Development Journalism in the Context of
‘Participatory Communication’ 26 1.5.2 Similarities between Xiaoge’s and
Banda’s Arguments 29 1.5.3 Consolidating Xiaoge’s and Banda’s Arguments on
Development Journalism 32 1.5.4 Similarities between Development Journalism
and Other Journalism Practices 34 1.6 Conclusion 38 CHAPTER TWO RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT JOURNALISM AND GENDER 40 2.1 The Concepts “Gender” and
“Feminism” and their Place in the Media 40 2.1.1 Gender-Media Relation 40
2.1.2 Feminism-Media Relation 43 2.2 Gender and Development: WID, GAD and
Women’s Rights 45 2.3 Gender Situation in the Media: A Global Perspective 48
2.3.1 Presence of Women in the Media 50 2.3.2 Improvements on the Situation of
Women in the Media 52 2.3.3 Factors behind Improvements 53 2.4 Relating
Development Journalism and Gender 55 2.4.1 Similarities between Development
Journalism, Feminism and Gender 56 2.4.2 Consolidating Development Journalism,
Feminist and Gender Arguments 59 2.5 A Conceptual Framework for GF-DJ Practice
60 2.6 Conclusion 61 CHAPTER THREE THE ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIA
IN TANZANIA 63 3.1 Pre-Independence Phase 65 3.2 Post-colonial Phase 68 3.3
Liberal/Transition Phase 72 3.4 Tanzanian Broadcasting Media 77 3.4.1
‘State–Public Service’ Broadcasting 79 3.4.2 Commercial Broadcasting 80 3.4.3
Community Broadcasting 80 3.4.4 Partisan Broadcasting 81 3.5 Challenges Facing
the Media in Tanzania 82 3.6 Conclusion 85 CHAPTER FOUR DEVELOPMENT, GENDER
AND MEDIA IN TANZANIA 87 4.1 An Overview of Development in Tanzania 87 4.2
Tanzanian Gender and Development Profile 89 4.2.1 Women and Education 89 4.2.2
Women and Politics/Leadership 91 4.2.3 Women’s Independent Movements towards
Women/Gender Transformation 93 4.3 Tanzanian Gender and Media Profile 96 4.4
The Role of Development Journalism 100 4.4.1 Development Journalism in the
Socialism Era 101 4.4.2 Development Journalism in the Liberal Era 105 4.5
Gender-focused Development Journalism (GF-DJ) 109 4.6 TAMWA’s ‘Bang’
Journalism 110 4.7 Conclusion 114 4.8 The Research Issue 115 CHAPTER FIVE
METHODOLOGY 119 5.1 Methods and Research Design 119 5.2 Methodological
Considerations 121 5.3 In-depth Interviews 123 5.3.1 Selection of Respondents
and Interview Questions 124 5.3.2 Thematic Analysis of Interviews 130 5.4
Development-Oriented Programmes 134 5.4.1 Analysis of Development-Oriented
Programme 135 5.5 Conclusion 140 CHAPTER SIX INTERVIEW FINDINGS ON GF-DJ BY
JOURNALISTS 141 6.1 A ‘Gender Focus’ in the Practice of Development Journalism
141 6.1.1 GF-DJ in the Socialistic Era 142 6.1.2 GF-DJ in the Liberalization
Era 146 6.2 Conduciveness of Media Environment to GF-DJ 150 6.2.1 Adequacy of
Journalism Training on GF-DJ 150 6.2.2 Gender Situation in Local Broadcasting
Stations 153 6.3 Reactions to Deregulation-Induced Dynamism in the GF-DJ
Practice 156 6.3.1 Fear of ‘State–Public Service’ Broadcasters on
Deregulation-Induced Changes 159 6.3.2 Acceptance of Deregulation-Induced
Changes by Commercial Broadcasters 161 6.4 Implementation of GF-DJ 164 6.4.1
Efforts by the Retired Female Journalists to Ensure a GF-DJ 164 6.4.2
Strategies Employed by Serving and New Journalists to Ensure GF-DJ 166 6.5
Relevance of GF-DJ in the Liberal Era 168 6.6 Conclusion 173 CHAPTER SEVEN
INTERVIEW FINDINGS ON GF-DJ BY TRAINERS AND EXPERTS 176 7.1 Media System in
Tanzania Concerning GF-DJ 176 7.1.1 Training in Development Journalism and
Gender 177 7.1.2 Development Journalism Support from Media Houses and the
Government 178 7.2 Media Coverage of Development Stories with a Gender Focus
179 7.3 Relevance of Development Journalism 181 7.4 Institutional
Contributions to Promoting Gender-Focused Development 182 7.4.1 Continued
Emphasis on Women by Women/Gender Organizations 183 7.4.2 Status of Women
According to Women’s/Gender Organizations 184 7.5 Recommendations on Effective
GF-DJ Practice 186 7.6 Conclusion 187 CHAPTER EIGHT FINDINGS OF PROGRAMME
ANALYSIS 189 8.1 Overview of Selected Development-Oriented Programmes 189
8.1.1 Development-Oriented Programmes, 1995-2007 189 8.1.2 Development-
Oriented Programmes, 2009-2013 192 8.2 Programme Analysis 196 8.2.1
Identifying GF-DJ Indicators 197 8.2.2 Classifying GF-DJ 210 8.3 Conclusion
215 CHAPTER NINE ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 217 9.1 Political, Policy and
Ideological Influences 217 9.2 Economic Influences 222 9.3 Professional vs
Practical Influences 223 9.3.1 Neutrality, Objectivity and Criticisms 223
9.3.2 Participation of Ordinary People 226 9.4 Public Service Mandates of
Broadcasters and Development Journalism Practice 228 9.5 Nation, Globalization
and Successful Models for GF-DJ 230 9.6 New Media Theory for New Situation in
Africa 232 CHAPTER TEN SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 236 10.1 Theoretical and
Conceptual Considerations 236 10.2 Interview Findings 238 10.3 Programme
Analysis 240 10.4 Interpretation of the Findings 241 10.5 Limitations and
Future Research 242 10.6 Recommendations 243 REFERENCES 246 APPENDICES 270
Appendix I: MCT’s Gender Code of Ethics 270 Appendix II: Interview Guide for
Development-Oriented Journalists 273 Appendix III: Interview Guide for
Journalism Trainers and Experts 276 Appendix IV: Codebook for Content Analysis
of Programmes 277 LIST OF TABLES Table I: Similarities between Xiaoge's and
Banda's Arguments 31 Table II: Similarities between Development Journalism,
Feminism and Gender 58 Table III: GF-DJ Practices in the Socialistic and
Liberal Eras 171 Table IV: Development-Oriented Programmes/ Episodes 194 LIST
OF FIGURES Figure I: A Conceptual Framework for GF-DJ Practice 60 Figure II:
Map of Tanzania 64 Figure III: A Thematic Analysis Network 133 Figure IV: A
Qualitative Research Approach 139
dc.description.abstract
This qualitative study builds on theories of development communication, gender
and feminism to create and explore a model for gender focused development
journalism that empowers and engages ordinary men and women in development
plans and processes for their advancement. The Tanzanian mainstream
broadcasting media (especially radio) were used as a case study. Given its
advantages of immediacy and ability to cross literacy barriers, radio in
Tanzania is the most accessed medium by ordinary men and women. The case study
employed a combination of interviews with former and current development-
oriented journalists, journalism trainers, gender and development/media
activists as well as a content analysis of selected broadcasting programmes.
In-depth interviews with journalists demonstrated that the understanding and
practice of development journalism during the socialistic era was undisputed
among practitioners. Meanwhile, in the liberal era, the essence of the
practice remained the same but the concept has been given different
journalistic names and practical implementation. Retired female journalists
were unanimous in their understanding of a gender focus in their reporting. In
contemporary times, however, despite the fact that most journalists (men and
women) are now trained on gender issues, their understanding of the concept
varies. Their application of the concept in practice also seems to be
diminishing. While development journalism was mainly a top-down form of
communication (authoritative) during the socialistic era, in the liberal era
the development-oriented journalists draw on both the Social Responsibility
and Libertarian Theories of the media. The ‘state–public service’ broadcasters
reflect more of the former while commercial broadcasters employ more of the
latter. The programme analysis showed that a gender focused development-
oriented journalism is more likely to be practiced in the ‘state–public
service’ than in commercial broadcasting. Theoretically (as demonstrated in
the interviews), journalists seemed to prefer a participatory stance and some
even showed a critical stance; practically (as reflected in their programmes),
they performed a more neutral and objective stance while leaning on sources
and contributors for the critical role. This contradiction between what
journalists say and what they do revolves around three major interrelated
influences: political, economic and professional practice. These dimensions
have and continue to change the media scene in Tanzania. Nevertheless, most
respondents regarded development journalism practice as relevant in
contemporary Tanzania. The broadcasting media (radio especially) were
recommended as an appropriate outlet for the practice. In particular, some
respondents recommended that Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) is an effective
model that could set standards for other media to emulate.
de
dc.description.abstract
Basierend auf Theorien zu Development-Kommunikation, Gender und Feminismus
entwirft und evaluiert die vorliegende qualitative Studie ein Modell für einen
gender-fokusierten "Entwicklungsjournalismus" (Development Journalism), der
sich zum Ziel gesetzt hat, einfache Männer und Frauen innerhalb von
Entwicklungsplänen und -prozessen zu ermächtigen. Analyseobjekt ist dabei der
Rundfunk (besonders das Radio) in Tansania. Radio gilt dort auch für weniger
gebildete Schichten als das Medium mit der größten Reichweite, vor allem durch
seine Unmittelbarkeit und die Möglichkeit die Schranken der Illiteralität zu
durchbrechen. Diese Fallstudie kombiniert Interviews mit ehemaligen und noch
tätigen Development-Journalisten und Journalistinnen, mit verschiedenen
Journalistenausbilderinnen und -ausbildern sowie mit Gender-, Entwicklungs-
und Medienaktivisten auf der einen Seite, mit einer Inhaltsanalyse
ausgewählter Radioprogramme auf der anderen Seite. Die Tiefeninterviews mit
den Journalisten ergaben, dass in der sozialistischen Ära des Landes Einigkeit
über das Verständnis und die Praxis dieses Berichterstattungsmusters
herrschte. In der daran anknüpfenden liberalen Ära bleibt der Kern dieser
Ausrichtung erhalten, das Konzept wird aber anders betitelt und auch die
Umsetzung hat sich verändert. Heute nicht mehr im Beruf stehende
Journalistinnen und Journalisten waren sich noch einig in ihrem Verständnis
eines Gender-Fokus in ihrer Berichterstattung. Für aktuell tätige Journalisten
und Journalistinnen hat der Genderbegriff jedoch unterschiedliche Bedeutungen,
obwohl die meisten von ihnen das Thema Gender in ihrer Ausbildung bearbeitet
haben. Die Übertragung des Konzeptes auf ihre journalistische Praxis scheint
kaum noch stattzufinden. Während Entwicklungsjournalismus in der
sozialistischen Ära hauptsächlich eine Form von autoritärer top-down
Kommunikation darstellte, reflektieren Journalisten und Journalistinnen in der
liberalen Ära sowohl das Konzept der Sozialen Verantwortung als auch libertäre
Medientheorien. Der staatliche ("state-public service") Rundfunk orientiert
sich dabei stärker an Ersterem, während kommerzielle Anbieter ihre Inhalte
mehr an Letzteren ausrichten. Die durchgeführte Programmanalyse ergab, dass
Development-Journalismus mit Gender-Fokus im staatlichen Rundfunk häufiger
praktiziert wird, als im privatwirtschaftlichen. Theoretisch und auf der Ebene
der Selbstwahrnehmung und -darstellung (ersichtlich aus den Interviews)
scheinen Journalisten und Journalistinnen kritische und partizipatorische
Positionen einzunehmen; praktisch (wie aus den Programmen deutlich wird)
nahmen sie eine neutralere und objektivere Perspektive ein und überließen die
Rolle der Kritik anderen Akteuren und Mediennutzern. Dieser Widerspruch aus
dem, was gesagt wurde und dem, was praktiziert wird, ergibt sich durch drei
ineinandergreifenden Einflussfaktoren: die politische, wirtschaftliche und
professionelle Praxis. Diese Faktoren haben die tansanische Medienlandschaft
kontinuierlich geprägt. Alle Interviewpartner haben der
entwicklungsjournalistischen Praxis auch heute eine starke Bedeutung in
Tansania zugesprochen. Die Rundfunkmedien (insbesondere das Radio) wurden als
angemessener Rahmen für diese Praxis wahrgenommen. Manche Gesprächsteilnehmer
betonten, dass ein funktionierendes öffentlich-rechtliches Rundfunkmodell
effektiv Standards für andere Medien setzen könnte.
de
dc.format.extent
XI, 277 S.
dc.rights.uri
http://www.fu-berlin.de/sites/refubium/rechtliches/Nutzungsbedingungen
dc.subject
qualitative research
dc.subject.ddc
300 Sozialwissenschaften::300 Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie::300 Sozialwissenschaften
dc.title
Development Journalism and Gender
dc.contributor.contact
solomoneva20@gmail.com
dc.contributor.firstReferee
Prof. Dr.Margreth Luenenborg
dc.contributor.furtherReferee
Prof. Elfriede Fuersich, Ph.D.
dc.date.accepted
2014-11-28
dc.identifier.urn
urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-fudissthesis000000098029-3
dc.title.subtitle
A Case Study of Broadcasting Media in Tanzania
dc.title.translated
Development-Journalismus und Gender
de
dc.title.translatedsubtitle
Eine Fallstudie des tansanischen Rundfunks.
de
refubium.affiliation
Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften
de
refubium.mycore.fudocsId
FUDISS_thesis_000000098029
refubium.mycore.derivateId
FUDISS_derivate_000000016188
dcterms.accessRights.dnb
free
dcterms.accessRights.openaire
open access