dc.contributor.author
Ferretti, Johanna
dc.date.accessioned
2018-06-07T15:46:52Z
dc.date.available
2017-12-15T12:35:11.865Z
dc.identifier.uri
https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/1596
dc.identifier.uri
http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-5798
dc.description
SUMMARY 1 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 2 FIGURES, TABLES, ABBREVIATIONS 7 Figures 7 Tables
7 Abbreviations 8 1 INTRODUCTION 9 1.1 Policy Impact Assessments and the
Environmental Dimension 9 1.2 Entry Points for Environmental Consideration 11
2 PROBLEM DEFINITION, RESEARCH QUESTION, AND STATE OF RESEARCH 13 2.1 Problem
Definition and Research Question 13 2.2 State of Research 15 2.2.1 Evidence on
the Consideration of the Environmental Dimension in IA 15 2.2.2 Factors
Shaping the Consideration of the Environment Dimension 17 2.2.2.1 IA System 17
2.2.2.2 Organisational Context 19 2.2.2.3 Actors and Use of IAs 19 2.2.2.4 IA
Process 20 2.2.2.5 Methodological-Technical Issues 21 2.2.2.6 Underlying Logic
of IA 22 2.2.3 How Can Environmental Consideration in IA Processes be
Improved? 22 2.2.3.1 IA system 22 2.2.3.2 Institutional Context 23 2.2.3.3
Actors and use of IA 23 2.2.3.4 IA process 24 2.2.3.5 Methodological-Technical
Issues 24 3 METHODS AND DATA COLLECTION 26 3.1 The Comparative Method 26 3.1.1
Selection of Case Studies 27 3.2 Data Collection and Structuring 30 3.2.1
Process-Tracing 30 3.2.1.1 Structure of the IA Processes Analysed 31 3.2.2
Document and Content Analysis 32 3.2.3 Semi-Structured Interviews 33 4 THE
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK – OPERATIONALISING IA PROCESSES 35 4.1 Introduction to
Actor-Centred Institutionalism 35 4.2 Institutional Context 36 4.2.1
Operationalisation 37 4.2.1.1 Political system 37 4.2.1.2 IA system 38 4.3
Actors 40 4.3.1 Capabilities 40 4.3.2 Action Orientation 40 4.3.3
Operationalisation 42 4.3.3.1 Capabilities 42 4.3.3.2 Preferences of IA Actors
42 4.3.3.3 Interaction Orientation 43 4.4 Actor Constellation 44 4.4.1 Form of
Interaction 44 4.4.2 Operationalisation 45 4.4.2.1 Provisions for Coordination
45 4.4.2.2 Departments’ Decision-Making Autonomy 45 4.5 Non-Institutional
Context 46 4.5.1 Operationalisation 46 4.5.1.1 Problem Structure 46 4.5.1.2
Origin and Maturity of the Policy 48 4.6 Level of Environmental Consideration
48 4.6.1 The Environmental Evidence-Base 48 4.6.2 Operationalisation 48
4.6.2.1 Environmental Evidence-Base 48 4.6.2.2 Transparency of the Analysis 49
4.6.2.3 Coherence 50 4.7 Brief Critical Account of Using Actor-Centred
Institutionalism for Studying IA Processes 51 4.8 Overview of the Research
Design 53 5 THE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXTS OF THE IA PROCESSES 55 5.1 Policy-
Making in Great Britain 55 5.1.1 Political System 55 5.1.2 Interaction
Patterns 57 5.2 The UK IA System 57 5.2.1 Institutionalisation 57 5.2.2
Provisions for Environmental Consideration 58 5.2.3 Guidance and Methods 59
5.2.4 Transparency 59 5.2.5 Provisions for Involvement 60 5.2.6 Quality
Control Mechanisms 61 5.3 Policy-Making in Germany 62 5.3.1 Political System
62 5.3.2 Interaction Patterns 63 5.4 The German IA System 64 5.4.1
Institutionalisation 64 5.4.2 Provisions for Environmental Consideration 65
5.4.3 Guidance and Methods 66 5.4.4 Transparency 66 5.4.5 Involvement 67 5.4.6
Quality Control Mechanisms 68 6 THE FOUR CASE STUDIES 69 6.1 The Biofuels
Directive and the Energy Taxation Directive 69 6.2 The IA Process on the UK
2007 Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation 70 6.2.1 Introduction to the Policy
field – Biofuels Policy and Production in the UK 70 6.2.2 The IA Process 73
6.2.2.1 Overview of the IA Process 73 6.2.2.2 Level of Biofuels Quota and Duty
Incentives 75 6.2.2.3 Carbon and Sustainability Reporting Under the RTFO 87
6.2.2.4 Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation Draft Post-Implementation Review
(December 2013) 92 6.2.3 Conclusion – Role of the IA Process for Environmental
Policy Stringency 93 6.3 The IA Process on the German 2004/06 Mineral Oil/
Energy Tax Act and the 2006 Biofuels Quota Act 96 6.3.1 Introduction to the
Policy Field – Biofuels Policy and Production in Germany 96 6.3.2 IA Process
97 6.3.2.1 Overview of the IA Process 97 6.3.3 Financing Biofuels Production
98 6.3.3.1 The Conflict and Actor Constellation 98 6.3.3.2 The 2002 Mineral
Oil Tax Act – Tax Exemptions for Biofuels 101 6.3.3.3 IA and Wider Evidence-
Base 101 6.3.3.4 The 2006 Energy Tax Act – Taxes on Biofuels 106 6.3.3.5 IA
and Wider Evidence-Base 108 6.3.3.6 IA in the Decision-Making Procedure 109
6.3.4 Level of Biofuel Quota 111 6.3.4.1 The Conflict and Actor Constellation
111 6.3.4.2 IA and Wider Evidence-Base 116 6.3.4.3 IA in the Decision-making
Procedure 117 6.3.5 Conclusion – Role of the IA Process for Environmental
Policy Stringency 117 6.4 The Waste Framework Directive 121 6.5 The IA Process
on the 2011 (England and Wales) Waste Regulations 123 6.5.1 Introduction to
the Policy Field – Waste Management and Policy in England 123 6.5.2 IA Process
125 6.5.2.1 Overview of the Actor Constellation 125 6.5.2.2 Overview of the IA
Process 127 6.5.2.3 Separate Collection 130 6.5.2.4 Implementing the Waste
Hierarchy 137 6.5.2.5 Household and Demolition Waste Targets (50% and 70%) 142
6.5.3 Conclusion – Role of the IA Process for Environmental Policy Stringency
148 6.6 The IA Process on the German 2012 Circular Economy Act 151 6.6.1
Introduction to Waste Policy and Management in Germany 151 6.6.2 IA Process
153 6.6.3 Overview of the Actor Constellation 153 6.6.3.1 Overview of the IA
Process 155 6.6.3.2 Overview of the IA 156 6.6.3.3 Separate Collection of
Waste, Recycling Bin, and Return Obligations 159 6.6.3.4 Household and
Demolition Waste Targets (50% and 70%) 169 6.6.3.5 Waste Hierarchy and Heating
Value Criterion 172 6.6.4 Conclusion – Role of the IA Process for
Environmental Policy Stringency 176 7 DISCUSSION 178 7.1 Relevance of
Institutions, Actors, and Non-Institutional Factors for Environmental
Consideration 178 7.1.1 Institutional Context 178 7.1.1.1 Political System –
Veto Players 178 7.1.1.2 IA System 180 7.1.2 Non-Institutional Factors 183
7.1.2.1 Problem structure 183 7.1.2.2 Origin of the Policy 186 7.1.3 Actors
187 7.1.3.1 Resources and Assertiveness of the Actors 187 7.1.3.2
Organisational Background 188 7.1.3.3 Departments’ Work-Profile 190 7.1.3.4
Interaction Orientation 190 7.1.3.5 Involvement of Environmental Actors in IA
192 7.1.4 Actor Constellation 192 7.1.4.1 Provisions for Coordination and
Departments’ Decision-Making Autonomy 192 7.2 How do Factors and their
Interaction Shape the Level of Environmental Consideration and Environmental
Policy Stringency? 193 8 CONCLUSION 198 9 ANNEX 205 9.1 Interview Partner 205
9.1.1 UK 205 9.1.2 Germany 207 9.2 Interview Guide 208 10 REFERENCES 210
dc.description.abstract
The consideration of environmental issues in policy impact assessments is
usually found to be weak, notably when compared to the analysis of economic
aspects. At the same time, impact assessments are conceived as an instrument
to promote environmental policy stringency. Against this background, this
thesis examined to what extent policy impact assessment processes support the
consideration of environmental aspects (extent of assessment of environmental
impacts in impact assessments) and thus contribute to environmental policy
stringency. The contribution of impact assessment processes to environmental
policy stringency was ex-plored by means of four comparative case studies and
Actor-Centred Institutionalism. The four processes were reconstructed using a
process-tracing approach which was based on a content analysis of documents
and scientific literature relevant for the IA processes as well as interviews
with experts and actors involved in the IA processes. The following four
processes were analysed: the IA processes in England and Germany on the
transposition of the EU Waste Frame-work Directive (2008) – in England the
2011 Waste Regulations and in Germany the 2012 Circular Economy Act; and the
IA processes in the UK and Germany on the transposition of the EU Biofuels
Directive (2003) – the UK 2007 Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation and the
German 2004/06 Mineral Oil/ Energy Tax Act and the 2006 German Biofuels Quota
Act. The following questions were addressed to the case studies: \- What is
the relevance of institutions, actors, and non-institutional factors for the
level of environmental consideration? \- How do factors interact in shaping
the level of environmental consideration and stringency? \- How do IA
processes and environmental consideration therein contribute to environmental
stringency? Four key findings were derived from the analysis. First, the
problem structure, so far undervalued in the analysis of impact assessments,
could be identified as central factor shaping to what extent IA processes
contribute to environmental policy stringency. The problem structure strongly
determines to what extent actors and processes are open and allow for evidence
and knowledge to inform decision-making. Second, the problem structure shapes
the mode in which actors use the IA (learning, strategic, or symbolic mode)
and the form of the IA analyses (e.g. used in a learning mode, IA analyses may
take the form of coherence studies). Third, a high level of environmental
consideration does not necessarily lead to more stringent policies - the level
of environmental policy stringency continues to be determined by the
preferences of actors. And fourth, impact assessments may appear in different
guises and venues within one policy process. If just formal impact assessment
analyses are considered, environmental consideration may appear to be weak.
When however the wider policy processes and analyses are taken into account,
this observation must be revised to the benefit of oftentimes comprehensive
assessments with appropriate or even high levels of environmental
consideration.
de
dc.description.abstract
Der Grad an Umweltberücksichtigung in Politikfolgenabschätzungen ist
gewöhnlich schwach, insbesondere im Vergleich zu der Analyse von ökonomischen
Aspekten. Zugleich werden Politik-folgenabschätzungen als Instrumente zur
Beförderung von Umweltpolitikstringenz verstanden. Vor diesem Hintergrund
wurde in der vorliegenden Dissertation untersucht, inwieweit Politik-
folgenabschätzungsprozesse die Berücksichtigung von Umweltaspekten befördern
und damit Umweltpolitikstringenz unterstützen. Der Beitrag von
Politikfolgenabschätzungsprozessen zu Umweltpolitikstringenz wurde anhand vier
vergleichender Fallstudien und akteurszentriertem Institutionalismus
untersucht. Die Prozesse wurden in einer Prozessanalyse rekonstruiert,
basierend auf Inhaltsanalysen von relevanten Dokumenten und wissenschaftlicher
Literatur sowie Interviews mit ExpertInnen und Akteuren der Prozesse. Die vier
Fallstudien waren: die Folgenabschätzungsprozesse zur Transposition der EU-
Abfallrahmenrichtlinie (2008) in England und Deutschland – in England die 2011
Waste Regulations und in Deutschland das 2012 Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz; die
Folgenabschätzungs-prozesse in Großbritannien und Deutschland zur
Transposition der EU-Biokraftstoffrichtlinie (2003) – die 2007 Renewable
Transport Fuel Obligation in Großbritannien und das 2004/06
Mineralöl/Energiesteuergesetz und das 2006 Biokraftstoffquotengesetz in
Deutschland. Die folgenden Fragen wurden an die Fallstudien gestellt: \- Was
ist die Relevanz von Institutionen, Akteuren und nicht-institutionellen
Faktoren für den Grad der Umweltbetrachtung und Umweltpolitikstringenz? \- Wie
ist das Zusammenspiel von Institutionen, Akteuren und nicht-institutionellen
Faktoren für den Grad an Umweltberücksichtigung und Umwelt \- Wie tragen
Folgenabschätzungsprozesse und Umweltberücksichtigung zu
Umweltpolitikstringenz bei? Die Analyse hat vier wesentliche Ergebnisse
hervorgebracht. Erstens konnte die bislang unterschätzte Problemstruktur als
wesentlicher Faktor für Umweltpolitikstringenz identifiziert werden. Die
Problemstruktur hat einen starken Einfluss auf die Offenheit von Akteuren und
Prozessen und inwieweit diese erlauben, dass Evidenz und Wissen die
Entscheidungsfindung informieren. Zweitens ist die Problemstruktur
entscheidend für den Modus, in dem Akteure die Folgenabschätzung nutzen
(lernend, strategisch, symbolisch) und für die Form der Folgenabschätzungen
(im Lernmodus können Analysen z.B. die Form von Kohärenzstudien annehmen).
Drittens muss ein hohes Maß an Umweltberücksichtigung nicht zwingend zu
umweltstringenteren Politiken führen – Stringenz wird weiterhin von den
Präferenzen der Akteure bestimmt. Viertens können Folgenabschätzungen in
unterschiedlicher Gestalt und an unterschiedlichen Orten in Erscheinung
treten. Wird ‚nur‘ die formale Folgenabschätzung betrachtet, kann
Umweltberück-sichtigung schwach erscheinen. Werden jedoch der weitere Politik-
und Analyseprozess einbezogen, muss diese Beobachtung korrigiert werden
zugunsten von Folgenanalysen mit oftmals ‚angemessenen‘ oder umfassenden
Graden an Umweltberücksichtigung.
en
dc.format.extent
230 Seiten
dc.rights.uri
http://www.fu-berlin.de/sites/refubium/rechtliches/Nutzungsbedingungen
dc.subject
process-tracing
dc.subject
actor-centred institutionalism
dc.subject
environmental policy integration
dc.subject.ddc
300 Sozialwissenschaften::320 Politikwissenschaft
dc.title
Do Policy Impact Assessment Processes Promote Stringent Environmental Policy?
dc.contributor.contact
Johanna.Ferretti@thuenen.de
dc.contributor.firstReferee
Prof. Dr. Thurid Hustedt
dc.contributor.furtherReferee
Dr. Klaus Jacob
dc.date.accepted
2017-11-17
dc.identifier.urn
urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-fudissthesis000000106070-7
dc.title.subtitle
A Comparative Analysis between Great Britain and Germany
dc.title.translated
Befördern Politikfolgenabschätzungsprozesse zu Umweltpolitikstringenz?
de
dc.title.translatedsubtitle
Eine vergleichende Analyse zwischen Großbritannien und Deutschland
de
refubium.affiliation
Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften
de
refubium.mycore.fudocsId
FUDISS_thesis_000000106070
refubium.mycore.derivateId
FUDISS_derivate_000000022896
dcterms.accessRights.dnb
free
dcterms.accessRights.openaire
open access