dc.contributor.author
Welsch, Katja Dorothea
dc.date.accessioned
2018-06-07T23:00:24Z
dc.date.available
2010-08-11T08:37:16.585Z
dc.identifier.uri
https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/9912
dc.identifier.uri
http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-14110
dc.description
1\. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Chorea Huntington (Huntington’s disease, HD) 1 1.1.1
Clinical manifestation 1 1.1.2 The huntingtin protein 2 1.1.3 Polyglutamine
disorders 6 1.1.4 Amyloid hypothesis 7 1.1.5 Aggregation of mutant Huntingtin
7 1.1.6 Htt inclusions may have a protective role 8 1.1.7 Degradation of Htt
aggregates 9 1.1.8 Mutant Htt and cellular dysfunction 9 1.2 Cell death and
apoptosis 12 1.2.1 Extrinsic apoptosis signaling via death receptor 12 1.2.2
Mitochondria-mediated (“intrinsic”) apoptosis signaling 13 1.2.3 Caspases: the
major effectors 15 1.2.4 Cytotoxicity and apoptosis in Huntington’s disease 15
1.3 Model systems reproducing HD features 17 1.4 The DEAD-box protein family
19 1.4.1 The putative RNA helicase DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 24
(DDX24) 23 1.5 Genetic screens for modifiers of polyQ-induced toxicity and
aggregation 24 1.6 Aim of the study 25 2\. RESULTS 27 2.1 RNAi screen to
identify protein modulators of mutant Htt-induced cytotoxicity 27 2.1.1
Screening for modulators of Htt-induced cytotoxicity in a neuroblastoma cell
line 27 2.2 Investigation of siRNA-mediated DDX24 protein knock-down in a HD
PC12 cell model 37 2.2.1 Analysis of HD PC12 cell lines expressing Htt25Q-EGFP
or Htt103Q-EGFP fusion proteins 37 2.2.2 Analysis of siRNA-mediated DDX24
protein knock-down in the HD PC12 cell model 40 2.2.3 Endogenous DDX24 protein
silencing enhances mutant Htt-induced caspase-3/7 activity 43 2.2.4 DDX24
knock-down enhances caspase-8 and -9 activity induced by mutant Htt 45 2.3
Overexpression of human DDX24 rescues Htt-induced caspase activity 47 2.3.1
Cloning and overexpression of HA-tagged human DDX24 protein 47 2.3.2 Knock-
down of endogenous DDX24 does not affect expression of recombinant HA-DDX24
fusion protein 48 2.3.3 Overexpression of human DDX24 rescues toxic effects of
DDX24 knock-down on mutant Htt-induced caspase activity 49 2.4 Expression of
mutant Htt protein changes DDX24 expression in HD model systems 51 2.4.1 DDX24
transcript levels are increased in PC12 cells expressing Htt103Q-EGFP protein
51 2.4.2 Transcript levels of DDX24 are enhanced in a HD transgenic mouse
model 52 2.5 Altered levels of DDX24 do not influence Htt expression and
aggregation 54 2.5.1 Expression of Htt103Q-EGFP is not affected by endogenous
DDX24 protein silencing 54 2.5.2 Aggregation of Htt103Q-EGFP is not affected
by knock-down of DDX24 protein 55 2.6 Interaction of DDX24 with FADD mediates
apoptosis signaling 59 2.6.1 DDX24 directly binds to the apoptosis mediator
FADD providing a link to the extrinsic apoptosis signaling pathway 59 2.6.2
Overexpression of recombinant HA-FADD fusion protein increases caspase-3/7,
caspase-8 and caspase-9 activity 66 2.6.3 FADD and DDX24 synergistically
modulate caspase activation by mutant Htt 70 3\. DISCUSSION 73 3.1
Identification of DDX24 as a modulator of mutant Htt-induced cytotoxicity 75
3.2 Cellular models for mutant Htt-induced caspase activation 76 3.2.1
Mammalian cell models to monitor cellular toxicity of mutant Htt 76 3.2.2
Htt103Q-EGFP increases caspase-3/7, caspase-8 and caspase-9 activity in PC12
cells 77 3.3 DDX24 mediates mutant Htt-induced caspase activation 79 3.3.1
Knock-down of DDX24 increases mutant Htt-induced caspase-3 activity 79 3.3.2
Htt-induced caspase-8 and -9 activity is increased by DDX24 silencing 79 3.4
Overexpression of human DDX24 inhibits mutant Htt-induced caspase activation
80 3.5 Mutant Htt expression and aggregation induces DDX24 transcription 81
3.5.1 Mutant Htt expression leads to dysregulated gene expression 81 3.5.2
Expression of mutant Htt increases DDX24 mRNA levels in PC12 cells 83 3.5.3
Transgenic HD mice exhibit enhanced DDX24 transcription 83 3.5.4 Transgenic
N171-82Q mice show reduced DDX24 protein levels 84 3.6 DDX24 does not affect
mutant Htt expression and aggregation 85 3.6.1 DDX24 does not influence mRNA
transcription of mutant Htt 86 3.6.2 Protein expression of mutant Htt is not
affected by DDX24 86 3.6.3 DDX24 does not interact with mutant Htt aggregates
87 3.6.4 Aggregation of mutant Htt is independent of DDX24 function 87 3.7
Interaction of DDX24 with the apoptosis mediator FADD 88 3.7.1 The role of
death receptors in neurodegenerative disorders 90 3.8 Co-regulation of
caspases by DDX24 and FADD 91 3.9 A model for the influence of DDX24 on Htt-
induced caspase activation 92 3.10 Outlook and further directions 95 4\.
MATERIALS & METHODS 97 4.1 Materials 97 4.1.1 Bacterial stains 97 4.1.2 Cell
lines 97 4.1.3 Expression vectors 98 4.1.4 Microbiological media and buffers
99 4.1.5 Media and supplements for mammalian cell culture 100 4.1.6
Oligonucleotides 100 4.1.7 Antibodies 101 4.1.8 Enzymes, proteins, markers and
DNA 102 4.1.9 Kits 102 4.1.10 Chemicals and consumables 103 4.1.11 Laboratory
equipment 104 4.2 Methods 105 4.2.1 Molecular biology 105 4.2.2 Protein
biochemistry 109 4.2.3 Methods in cell biology 112 LITERATURE 119 ABSTRACT 151
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 152 APPENDIX A: List of abbreviations 153 APPENDIX B: “p200”
onthology list 156 APPENDIX C: Result of “p200 screen” 167 APPENDIX D: Plasmid
maps 173
dc.description.abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited progressive neurodegenerative
disorder which manifests in progressive chorea, dementia and personality
changes. The symptoms result from dysfunction and selective loss of neuronal
cells in the striatal regions of the brain, caused by an expansion mutation in
a polyglutamine sequence in the N-terminus of huntingtin protein (Htt).
Proteolytical cleavage of Htt leads to accumulation of the N-terminal Htt
fragments. These form cytoplasmatic and intranuclear inclusions which cause
cellular dysfunction, cytotoxicity and eventually cell death. The mechanisms
in which mutant Htt activates death signaling are still unclear, but key
players of the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways such as
caspases-3/7, -8 and -9 have been found to be overexpressed and/or activated
in the presence of mutant Htt. This study was performed to further elucidate
the mechanism by which Htt induces cytotoxicity and apoptosis and to
investigate proteins which modulate this mechanism. In a Neuro2a cell system I
performed an RNAi screen to identify proteins that modulate cytotoxicity of a
transiently expressed N-terminal Htt fragment (HD320_Q68). 200 proteins were
tested, selected based on literature information about biological processes
that might influence HD pathogenesis. The screen revealed 13 highly
reproducible modulators from which 7 were classified as toxicity suppressors
and 6 as toxicity enhancers. A novel modulator of Htt-induced toxicity
identified in this study is DDX24, a member of the DEAD-box protein family
presumed to be an RNA helicase. RNAi experiments targeting DDX24 in a HD PC12
cell model demonstrated that DDX24 acts as a toxicity suppressor on Htt-
induced caspase-3/7, -8 and -9 activity. Its silencing dramatically enhanced
activity of the caspases in presence of mutant Htt (Htt103Q-EGFP). This effect
could be rescued by overexpression of the human DDX24 protein. In addition,
mRNA levels of DDX24 were upregulated in PC12 cells expressing Htt103Q-EGFP.
In control cells expressing a wild-type like Htt25Q-EGFP protein no increase
in DDX24 mRNA levels was observed. A similar result was obtained when mRNA
levels in striatal tissue of a HD mouse were compared to the wild-type
controls; in contrast, DDX24 protein levels were reduced in HD mice. Moreover,
I could show that DDX24 does not impact caspase activity by exerting influence
on Htt expression or aggregation, nor on the degradation of the mutant
protein. Rather, an interaction of DDX24 with FADD, a key component of death
receptor-mediated apoptosis signaling could be demonstrated. Additionally, I
could show that DDX24 knock-down and FADD overexpression synergistically
increase Htt-induced caspase-8 and -3 activity. These findings suggest a
protective role of DDX24 in Htt-induced cytotoxicity by modulating death
receptor-mediated caspase-8 activation through its interaction with FADD.
de
dc.description.abstract
Chorea Huntington (HD) ist eine erbliche neurodegenerative Erkrankung,
charakterisiert durch fortschreitende Chorea, Demenz und
Persönlichkeitsveränderungen. Die Symptome werden durch einen selektiven
Verlust an Neuronen im Striatum hervorgerufen, ausgelöst durch eine abnormale
Verlängerung in der Polyglutaminsequenz des Huntingtin (Htt) Proteins. Durch
proteolytische Spaltung von Htt entstehen N-terminale Proteinfragmente, die im
Zytoplasma und im Nucleus akkumulieren und Einschlusskörper bilden, welche zu
zellulärer Dysfunktion, Zytotoxizität und Zelltod führen. Es wurde jedoch
gezeigt, dass Schlüsselproteine aus verschiedenen Apoptose Signalwegen, wie
beispielsweise die Caspasen-3/7, -8 und -9, in Anwesenheit von mutiertem Htt
verstärkt exprimiert und/oder aktiviert werden. In einem Neuro2a Zellmodell
wurde ein RNAi Screen durchgeführt um Proteine zu identifizieren, die die
Zytotoxizität eines transient exprimierten N-terminalen Htt Proteins
(HD320_Q68) modulieren. Getestet wurden 200 Proteine, selektiert anhand von
Literaturinformationen über biologische Prozesse, die an der HD Pathogenese
beteiligt sind. Im Rahmen des Screens wurden 13 gut reproduzierbare
Toxizitätsmodulatoren identifiziert, von denen 7 als Toxizitätsunterdrücker
und 6 als Toxizitätsverstärker klassifiziert wurden. Ein neu identifizierter
Modulator der Htt-induzierten Toxizität ist DDX24, ein Mitglied der DEAD-box
Proteinfamilie, für das eine Funktion als RNA Helikase vermutet wird. RNAi
Experimente, durchgeführt in einem HD PC12 Zellmodell zeigten, dass DDX24
toxizitätsunterdrückend wirkt. Die Reduktion der DDX24 Expression durch RNAi
führte zu einer drastischen Erhöhung der durch mutiertes Htt (Htt103Q-EGFP)
hervorgerufenen Aktivität von Capase-3, -8 und -9. Dieser Effekt konnte durch
die zeitgleiche Überexpression des humanen DDX24 ausgeglichen werden. Darüber
hinaus wurden erhöhte Mengen an DDX24 mRNA in PC12 Zellen gefunden, die
toxisches Htt103Q-EGFP Protein exprimierten. In Zellen, in denen das dem
Wildtyp (Wt) entsprechende Htt25Q-EGFP Protein exprimiert wurde, war hingegen
keine Erhöhung der mRNA Menge festzustellen. Eine vergleichbare Erhöhung der
DDX24 mRNA wurde beim Vergleich im Striatum von HD Mäusen gegenüber dem
Wildtyp detektiert. Im Gegensatz zur mRNA von DDX24 waren die DDX24
Proteinmengen in den HD Mäusen gegenüber dem Wildtyp allerdings verringert. Es
wurde außerdem gezeigt, dass der Einfluss von DDX24 auf die Caspaseaktivität
nicht mit einer Modulierung der Expression, der Aggregation oder dem
Proteinabbau von mutiertem Htt in Verbindung steht. Stattdessen konnte eine
Interaktion von DDX24 mit FADD, einer Schlüsselkomponente des extrinsischen
Apoptosesignalweges nachgewiesen werden. Eine Reduktion von DDX24 durch RNAi
und die gleichzeitige Überexpression von FADD fürhten zu einer synergistischen
Erhöhung der Caspase-8 und -3 Aktivität. Anhand dieser Ergebnisse wird
angenommen, dass DDX24 durch seine Interaktion mit FADD die
rezeptorvermittelte Caspase-8 Aktivität moduliert und damit protektiv auf die
Htt-induzierte Zytotoxizität wirkt.
de
dc.format.extent
[10], 176 S.
dc.rights.uri
http://www.fu-berlin.de/sites/refubium/rechtliches/Nutzungsbedingungen
dc.subject
Huntington's disease
dc.subject
neurodegeneration
dc.subject
neuronal cell death
dc.subject
caspase activation
dc.subject.ddc
500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie
dc.title
Identification of the DEAD-box protein DDX24 as a novel modulator of
Huntingtin induced caspase activation
dc.contributor.contact
katja-welsch@gmx.de
dc.contributor.firstReferee
Prof. Dr. Fritz G. Rathjen
dc.contributor.furtherReferee
prof. Dr. Erich E. Wanker
dc.date.accepted
2010-07-06
dc.identifier.urn
urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-fudissthesis000000018674-3
dc.title.translated
Identifizierung des DEAD-Box Proteins DDX24 als neuer Modulator der Huntingtin
induzierten Caspaseaktivierung
de
refubium.affiliation
Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie
de
refubium.mycore.fudocsId
FUDISS_thesis_000000018674
refubium.mycore.derivateId
FUDISS_derivate_000000008077
dcterms.accessRights.dnb
free
dcterms.accessRights.openaire
open access