dc.contributor.author
Herbst, Lena
dc.date.accessioned
2018-06-07T21:09:01Z
dc.date.available
2012-07-06T09:09:55.573Z
dc.identifier.uri
https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/7468
dc.identifier.uri
http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-11667
dc.description
Table of contents
.............................................................................................................
iii Abstract
..........................................................................................................................
vii Zusammenfassung
..........................................................................................................
ix Abbreviations
...................................................................................................................
xi List of figures
.................................................................................................................
xiii List of tables
...................................................................................................................
xv 1 Introduction
..........................................................................................................
16 1.1 Energy metabolism and glucose homeostasis
....................................................... 16 1.2 Adipose tissue
........................................................................................................
17 1.3 Obesity and related health conditions
.................................................................... 19 1.3.1
Prevalence
..................................................................................................
19 1.3.2 Metabolic Syndrome
....................................................................................
20 1.3.3 Treatment
....................................................................................................
24 1.4 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs)
......................................... 25 1.4.1 PPAR family and structure
.......................................................................... 25
1.4.2 Mechanism
..................................................................................................
27 1.4.3 Function
.......................................................................................................
29 1.5 PPARγ activation
...................................................................................................
31 1.5.1 Endogenous ligands
....................................................................................
31 1.5.2 Synthetic ligands
.........................................................................................
32 Table of contents iv 1.5.3 Selective PPARγ Modulators (SPPARγMs)
................................................ 33 1.6 Aim of this study
.....................................................................................................
36 2 Material and Methods
..........................................................................................
37 2.1 Material
..................................................................................................................
37 2.1.1 Compounds
.................................................................................................
37 2.1.2 Chemicals and substances
......................................................................... 39
2.1.3 Kits
...............................................................................................................
41 2.1.4 Biological material
.......................................................................................
41 2.1.5 Plasmids
......................................................................................................
42 2.1.6 Cofactor peptides
........................................................................................
42 2.1.7 qPCR primers
..............................................................................................
43 2.1.8 Equipment and consumables
...................................................................... 44
2.1.9 Computer software and internet programs
.................................................. 47 2.2 Methods
.................................................................................................................
48 2.2.1 Cell-lines
......................................................................................................
48 2.2.1.1 Culture and differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells
............................................... 48 2.2.1.2 Culture of COS-7
cells
.............................................................................
48 2.2.1.3 Freezing and thawing of adherent cell-lines
............................................ 49 2.2.2 Bacterial cells
..............................................................................................
49 2.2.2.1 Generation of chemically competent bacterial cells
................................. 49 2.2.2.2 Transformation and plasmid
extraction .................................................... 50 2.2.3
Luciferase assay
.........................................................................................
50 2.2.3.1 Transient transfection and stimulation of COS-7 cells
............................. 50 2.2.3.2 Measurement of luciferase activity
.......................................................... 51 Table of
contents v 2.2.4 Oil-Red O staining
.......................................................................................
52 2.2.5 Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) .....
53 2.2.6 Reverse transcription and qPCR
................................................................. 54 2.2.7
Microarray
....................................................................................................
55 2.2.7.1 Sample preparation and labeling
............................................................. 55 2.2.7.2
Hybridization
............................................................................................
57 2.2.7.3 Data analysis
...........................................................................................
59 2.2.8 Glucose uptake
...........................................................................................
60 2.2.9 Statistical analysis
.......................................................................................
60 2.2.10 Lipophilicity
..................................................................................................
61 3 Results
..................................................................................................................
62 3.1 Morphological changes during 3T3-L1 differentiation
................................. 62 3.2 Triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1
adipocytes ......................................... 63 3.3 Expression of
PPARγ2 mRNA in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes .... 64 3.4 PPARγ
activation by partial and full agonists
.............................................. 65 3.4.1 PPARγ transactivation
by partial and full agonists ...................................... 65 3.4.2
Differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells by partial and full agonists
........................... 68 3.4.3 Lipophilicity of specific partial and
full agonists ........................................... 69 3.4.4 Cofactor
interaction of partial and full agonists
........................................... 70 3.4.5 Gene expression during
adipogenesis induced by partial and full agonists
..................................................................................................................
75 3.4.5.1 Expression of PPARγ target genes at day 6 during 3T3-L1
differentiation
..........................................................................................................
75 3.4.5.2 Transcriptome analysis at day 6 during 3T3-L1 differentiation
................ 78 Table of contents vi 3.4.6 Glucose uptake with partial and
full agonists .............................................. 85 3.5 PPARγ
activation – importance of position 5 and 6 of the telmisartan scaffold
...................................................................................................................
87 3.5.1 Relevance of position 5 and 6 of the telmisartan scaffold for PPARγ
transactivation
........................................................................................................
87 3.5.2 Relevance of position 5 and 6 of the telmisartan scaffold for the
differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells
.................................................................................
92 3.5.3 Lipophilicity of agonists with different moieties at position 5 and 6
............. 93 3.5.4 Relevance of position 5 and 6 for cofactor interaction
................................ 94 4 Discussion
..........................................................................................................
101 4.1 Telmisartan-derived structures are selective PPARγ modulators
............. 101 4.2 Side effects of PPARγ activation
............................................................... 104 4.3 Dual
pharmacology of telmisartan-derived structures ...............................
106 4.4 Further application options
........................................................................ 107
4.5 Conclusion and outlook
.............................................................................
109 References
...................................................................................................................
110 Appendix A - List of publications and poster presentations Appendix B –
Acknowledgment
dc.description.abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is the ‘master
regulator’ of adipogenesis and adipocyte gene expression, and represents an
effective pharmacological target for the treatment of insulin resistance and
type 2 diabetes mellitus. Activation and modulation of its function plays an
important role on overall treatment effectiveness and the side effect profile.
Full PPARγ agonists, known as thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are currently used in
the clinic. Unfortunately, they are associated with diverse side effects, like
weight gain and an increased risk for cardiovascular events. To circumvent
these side effects associated with the full agonism, intensive investigation
was performed during the last years to create drugs which exhibit a
combination of partial activation and selective receptor modulation. Besides
its blood pressure lowering property, the AT1-receptor blocker telmisartan was
shown to be a partial agonist of PPARγ with beneficial metabolic effects in
vitro and in vivo. In previous work of our group, comprehensive structure-
activity relationship studies were analyzed to reveal the importance of
different parts of the telmisartan structure and various moieties. These
studies were the foundation for the here presented thesis, investigating the
biochemical and biological effects of the most promising structures.
Telmisartan-derived PPARγ agonists (agonists 1, 2 and 3) with partial and full
agonism were selected and analyzed for differential cofactor interaction,
differential gene expression and glucose uptake. The degree of PPARγ activity
was characterized by a differentiation assay performed with 3T3-L1 cells and
by a PPARγ transactivation assay using Cos-7 cells transiently transfected
with pGal4-hPPARγDEF, pGal5-TK-pGL3 and pRL-CMV. Interaction with the
coactivators SRC1, PGC-1α and TRAP220, and the corepressor NCoR1 were
determined using TR-FRET assays. Furthermore, microarray and qPCR analyses
were performed to elucidate the gene expression profile of 3T3-L1 cells after
stimulation with telmisartan-derived compounds. Moreover, glucose uptake was
measured in mature adipocytes differentiated from 3T3- L1 cells after
incubation with the indicated compounds and 3H-labeled deoxy-glucose.
Telmisartan-derived PPARγ agonists demonstrated a distinct cofactor
interaction and mRNA expression profile from their corresponding control
substances pioglitazone and telmisartan. In addition, compounds with new
modifications on the telmisartan structure were characterized for their PPARγ
activation potential and cofactor interaction. These compounds contain a
benzimidazole (agonists 4-5 and 4-6), benzothiophene (agonists 5-5 and 5-6) or
benzofuran (agonists 6-5 and 6-6) moiety either at position 5 or 6 of the
benzimidazole core structure. The shift of the benzofuran or benzothiophene
moiety from position 5 to position 6 increased both, potency and efficacy, and
also increased cofactor recruitment/ release. Conclusively, all new agonists
demonstrated in vitro characteristics of SPPARγMs, and therefore, present
promising results for future in vivo experiments.
de
dc.description.abstract
Der Peroxisomen-Proliferator-aktivierte Rezeptor gamma (PPARγ) ist der „master
regulator“ der Fettzelldifferenzierung und Adipozytengenexpression, und
repräsentiert ein effektives pharmakologisches Ziel für die Behandlung von
Insulinresistenz und Diabetes Typ 2. Die Aktivierung und Modellierung der
Rezeptorfunktion spielt eine bedeutende Rolle in der Gesamteffizienz der
Behandlung und dem Nebenwirkungsprofil. Die volle Aktivierung von PPARγ durch
Thiazolidindione (TZDs), welche in der Klinik eingesetzt werden, ist mit
verschiedenen Nebenwirkungen, wie Gewichtszunahme und einem erhöhtem Risiko
für Herz-Kreislauf Erkrankungen, verbunden. In den letzten Jahren wurde
intensive Forschung durchgeführt, um Medikamente mit verbesserter Wirkung und
Verträglichkeit herzustellen, welche PPARγ partiell und selektiv aktivieren
und modulieren. Neben seiner blutdrucksenkenden Wirkung ist der
AT1-Rezeptorblocker Telmisartan auch ein partieller Agonist für PPARγ mit
vielversprechenden metabolischen Eigenschaften in vitro und in vivo. In
vorhergehenden Arbeiten unserer Gruppe wurden umfangreiche Studien zur
Struktur-Wirkbeziehung durchgeführt, um die Bedeutung der Struktureinheiten
von Telmisartan und unterschiedlicher Seitengruppen im Hinblick auf ihre PPARγ
aktivierenden Effekte aufzudecken. Diese Studien lieferten die Grundlage für
diese Arbeit, bei der biochemische und biologische Effekte der
interessantesten Substanzen untersucht wurde. Zunächst wurden unterschiedliche
telmisartanbasierte PPARγ Agonisten (Agonist 1, 2 und 3) ausgewählt und
bezüglich selektiver Kofaktorwechselwirkungen, differentieller Genexpression
und Glukoseaufnahme untersucht. Der Grad der PPARγ Aktivität wurde mit Hilfe
eines Differenzierungsassays unter Verwendung von 3T3-L1 Zellen, und eines
PPARγ Transaktivierungsassays mit Cos-7 Zellen, welche transient mit
pGal4-hPPARgDEF, pGal5-TK-pGL3 und pRL-CMV transfiziert wurden, ermittelt.
Wechselwirkungen mit den Koaktivatoren SRC1, PGC-1α und TRAP220, und dem
Korepressor NCoR1 wurden mit TR-FRET untersucht. Microarray und qPCR Analysen
wurden durchgeführt, um das Genexpressionsprofil von 3T3-L1 Zellen nach
Stimulation mit telmisartanbasierten Substanzen zu ermitteln. Außerdem wurde
die Glukoseaufnahme von ausgereiften Adipozyten der 3T3-L1 Zelllinie nach
Inkubation mit den Substanzen und 3H-markierter Deoxyglukose gemessen. Die
telmisartanbasierten Substanzen zeigten, im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen
Pioglitazon und Telmisartan, abweichende Kofaktorwechselwirkungen und ein
differenzielles mRNA-Expressionsprofil. Desweiteren wurden Substanzen mit
neuen Modifizierungen der Telmisartanstruktur bezüglich ihrer PPARγ-
aktivierenden Eigenschaft und Kofaktorwechselwirkungen charakterisiert. Diese
Substanzen haben eine Benzimidazol (Agonist 4-5 und 4-6), Benzothiophen
(Agonist 5-5 und 5-6), oder Benzofuran (Agonist 6-5 und 6-6) Seitengruppe
entweder an Position 5 oder Position 6 des Benzimidazolgrundkörpers. Die
Verlagerung der Benzothiophen oder Benzofuran Seitengruppe von Position 5 nach
Position 6 verstärkte sowohl Potenz und Effizienz, als auch
Kofaktorrekrutierung. Alle neuen telmisartanbasierten Substanzen zeigten die
in vitro Eigenschaften selektiver PPARγ Modulatoren, und sind daher
vielversprechende Substanzen für zukünftige in vivo-Experimente.
de
dc.rights.uri
http://www.fu-berlin.de/sites/refubium/rechtliches/Nutzungsbedingungen
dc.subject
peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma
dc.subject.ddc
500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie::572 Biochemie
dc.title
In vitro characterization of telmisartan-derived compounds for selective
peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) modulation
dc.contributor.firstReferee
Prof. Dr. Ulrich Kintscher
dc.contributor.furtherReferee
Prof. Dr. Matthias F. Melzig
dc.date.accepted
2012-06-08
dc.identifier.urn
urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-fudissthesis000000037926-3
dc.title.translated
In-vitro-Charakterisierung telmisartan-basierter Substanzen für die selektive
Modulation des Peroxisomen-Proliferator-aktivierten Rezeptors gamma (PPARγ)
de
refubium.affiliation
Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie
de
refubium.mycore.fudocsId
FUDISS_thesis_000000037926
refubium.mycore.derivateId
FUDISS_derivate_000000011451
dcterms.accessRights.dnb
free
dcterms.accessRights.openaire
open access