dc.contributor.author
Yang, Qiuning
dc.date.accessioned
2018-06-07T20:59:57Z
dc.date.available
2012-11-13T14:09:08.752Z
dc.identifier.uri
https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/7253
dc.identifier.uri
http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-11452
dc.description
TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS ii LIST OF
TABLES iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv INTRODUCTION 1 1\. Statement of the
Problems 1 2\. Purpose of the Study and Approach 4 2.1 Purpose of the Study
and the Research Questions 4 2.2 The Introduction of the Interaction of Social
Capital/Culture, Institutions and Entrepreneurship 5 2.3 Approach Introduction
7 3\. Content Introduction 8 4\. Significance of the Study 9 CHAPTER ONE: THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 11 1.1 Key Concepts and Perspectives on the Theory of
Entrepreneurship 11 1.1.1 Literature Review on the Key Concepts of the Theory
of Entrepreneurship 11 1.1.2 The Definitions of Various Types of
Entrepreneurship 13 1.2 Entrepreneurship Definitions and Perspectives 14 1.3
Understanding of Entrepreneurial Activity 14 1.4 Literature Review of the
Environmental Determinants of Entrepreneurship 16 1.4.1 The Theories of the
Environmental Determinants of Entrepreneurship 16 1.4.2 Conceptions and
Perspectives on Economic Environment 18 1.4.3 Conceptions and Perspectives on
Political Environment 18 1.4.4 Definitions and Perspectives on Socio–Cultural
Environment 20 1.5 Conceptions and Perspectives on Institutions 20 1.5.1
Definitions of Institutions and the Introduction on New Institutional Theory
20 1.5.2 Institutional Subversion and Conversion 23 1.6 The Conceptions of
Culture and Social Capital and their Perspectives 24 1.6.1 The Definition and
Perspectives of Culture 24 1.6.1.1. The Values of Culture and its Impact on
Entrepreneurship 25 1.6.1.2 The Discussion on Dominant Culture and Regional
Culture 26 1.6.2 The Conceptions of Social Capital and its Perspectives 27
1.6.2.1 The Definiton of Network and its impact on Entrepreneurial Activity 27
1.6.2.2 Trust System and the Introduction of Trust Forms 28 CHAPTER TWO:
GENERAL INTRODUCTION on CHINA’S INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT at the END of the
20th CENTURY 30 2.1 Introduction of the Five Arenas of “Consolidated
Democracy” 30 2.2 Political Environment: Political Freedom, the Rule of Law
and Property Rights in China in the 1980s 32 2.2.1 Political Freedom 32 2.2.2
Law–making in China 32 2.2.3 “Rule by Law” replaces “Rule of Law” 33 2.2.4
Property Rights 34 2.3 Economic Reform - Chinese Rural Reform 35 2.3.1 The
First Reform on Property Rights from 1976-1984 35 2.3.2 The Second Stage: the
Development of TVEs from 1985- 1995 36 2.3.3 The Third Stage of Agriculture
Reform in China 36 2.4 Introduction of China’s Socio-cultural Environment 37
2.5 Key Conceptions 38 CHAPTER THREE: The DEVELOPMENT of RURAL ENTERPRENEURSHI
in WENZHOU 42 3.1 General Introduction to the Nature and Economic Background
of Wenzhou 43 3.1.1 Nature and Economic Background of Wenzhou 43 3.1.2 The
Development of Wenzhou City 44 3.2 Evolution of Wenzhou Classical Models from
the 1980s to the 1990s 45 3.2.1 Qiaotou Button Specialty Market:The Origin of
Wenzhou Classical Model 45 3.2.2 Market Building and Flow of Information in
the Markets 47 3.2.3 Household Industries and Low-tech Small Commodities 48
3.2.4 Drawbacks of the Wenzhou Classical Model 50 3.3 Barriers to Wenzhou
Classical Business Models 50 3.3.1 Economic Environment in Wenzhou in the
1980s 51 3.3.2 Discrimination of Private Enterprise 52 3.3.3 Case Study: Mr.
ZHOU Dahu 53 3.3.4 The “Eight Kings” Episode: The Political Environment in
Wenzhou in the 1980s 54 3.4 Analysis of the Success Factors of Wenzhou
Classical Model 55 3.4.1 Social Capital (Trust System and Network) as Informal
Institutions 56 3.4.2 Trust System and Extended Family Network 57 3.4.2.1
Traditional Clan System 57 3.4.2.2 Extended Family Network 58 3.4.2.3 Personal
Trust Based on Personal Reputation: “Renqing” 59 3.4.3 Establishment of
Financial Associations 60 3.4.4 The Yongjia Doctrine and its Impact on
Entrepreneurship 61 3.4.4.1 Regional Culture: Marine Culture and the “Yongjia”
Doctrine in Wenzhou 61 3.4.4.2 Risk-taking and Team Work 63 3.5 Analysis of
Institutional Subversion and Conversion in the Early Reform 65 3.5.1 Analysis
of the Institutional Environment in the Early Reform 65 3.5.2 Local Reform on
Agricultural Responsibility in the mid-1950s 66 3.5.3 The Rise of Small
Private Enterprises 67 3.5.4 The Local Cadres’ Tolerance of Private
Enterprises 68 3.5.5 Autonomy from the Central Government and the Protection
of the Local Government 70 3.6 Evolution of the Wenzhou Model since the 1990s
71 3.6.1 The On-going Reform of Rural Finance 71 3.6.2 Industry Clusters
appearing in the 1990s 72 3.6.3 Enhancing Export, High-tech Innovation and
Brand Building: “Made in Wenzhou” in the mid-1990s 74 3.6.4 Case Study: The
Zhengtai Group: The Transformation from a Family Business to a Joint-Stock
Company 76 3.6.5 Case Study: Metersbonwe Company 78 3.6.5.1 The Origin of
Virtual Operations in Metersbonwe 78 3.6.5.2 The Development of Virtual
Operations in Metersbonwe 79 3.7 Analysis on the Role of Entrepreneurship in
Wenzhou after 1990s 80 3.7.1 The Influence of SMEs in the 1990s 80 3.7.2 The
Improvement of the Industrial Structure in Wenzhou 82 3.8 Analysis of
Institutional Subversion and Conversion after 1990s 84 3.8.1 Dynamic Private
Financing System in Wenzhou in the 1990s 84 3.8.2 Ownership Reform in Wenzhou
in the 1990s 86 3.8.3 Local Business Associations in Wenzhou 87 3.8.4 Reducing
Legal Discrimination: the Government Policy after 1990 89 3.9 Conclusion: 89
CHAPTER FOUR: the DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SUNAN 91 4.1
Geography, Natural Resources and the Economic Background in Sunan 92 4.2
Evolution of the Sunan Model 93 4.2.1 Local Socialist Rural Industry in the
1950s and the 1960s 94 4.2.2 Collective Enterprises Rising in Wuxi County and
Tangqiao Town in the Initial Stage of the Sunan Model 94 4.2.3 Rapid Growth of
the Township and Village Enterprises in Sunan Rural Areas in the late 1970s to
the mid-1980s 95 4.2.3.1 Case study: Township and Village Enterprises in
Tangqiao Town in the 1980s 96 4.2.3.2 Spatial Industry between Sunan and
Shanghai 97 4.2.3.3 Foreign Joint Ventures in Sunan after the 1990s 99 4.2.4
The Decline of Township and Village Enterprises in Jiangsu Province in the
1990s 101 4.3 Analysis on the Success of the Township and Village Enterprises
in Sunan in the 1980s 103 4.3.1 Analyzing beneficial Conditions for
Identifying Opportunities in Sunan in the 1980s 103 4.3.2 The Structure of
Sunan Local Rural Authority 105 4.3.3 The Value of Asset Endowments under the
type of Collective Ownership 107 4.3.4 Flexible Cooperation Types in Sunan 108
4.4 Barriers to Sunan Model in the Late 1990s 109 4.4.1 Strong Competition in
the 1990s 109 4.4.2 Ownership Ambiguity and Asset Stripping within Collective
Mechanism 111 4.4.3 Obstacles within Collective Mechanism: More Protection or
More Marketization? 112 4.4.4 Barriers to Private Enterprises Development in
Sunan 113 4.4.5 The Socio- Cultural Environment in Sunan 114 4.4.5.1 “Wu”
Culture and its Influence in Entrepreneurship in Sunan 115 4.4.5.2 Social
Network and the Personal Trust System in Sunan 116 4.5 The Impact of Rural
Entrepreneurship on Institutional Environment in Sunan (1980s) 117 4.5.1
Impacts on Employment and the Traditional Cultural Values 117 4.5.2
Institutional Subversion and Conversion in Sunan 119 4.5.2.1 More Autonomy of
Micro-Management Units in Sunan 119 4.5.2.2 TVEs’ Ownership Reform in Sunan
121 4.5.2.3 Analyzing the Background of Taking a Mixed Type of Ownership in
Sunan 123 4.6 Conclusion: 126 CHAPTER FIVE: The DEVELOPMENT OF IMMIGRANT
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SHENZHEN 128 5.1 A Brief Introduction: Location and
History of Shenzhen 128 5.2 Evolution of Shenzhen Model 130 5.2.1 Economic
Background of Shenzhen in the late 1970s 130 5.2.2 The Openness of Shenzhen
SEZ (Special Economic Zone) in the 1980s 130 5.2.3. Government Investment in
Infrastructure in the 1980s 131 5.2.4 The Success of Absorbing Hong Kong and
Other Foreign Countries’ Investment in Shenzhen 132 5.2.4.1 Policy on
Financial and Investment Innovation 132 5.2.4.2 Hong Kong and Foreign
Countries’ Investment in Shenzhen 133 5.2.5 Reforms in the Labour Market: A
Young Migrant City 134 5.2.6 Immigrant Entrepreneurship: the Start-up
Companies in Shenzhen 135 5.2.6.1 The Start of the Huawei Group (Part I) 136
5.2.6.2 Shenzhen Tianma Micro-Electronics Co. Ltd. 136 5.2.6.3 Mr. SHI Yuzhu’s
Start-up 137 5.2.7 Shenzhen’s Achievement after Three Decades 139 5.3
Analyzing the Success Factors with regard to the Shenzhen Model 140 5.3.1
Analyzing the Close Economic Ties between Hong Kong and Shenzhen 140 5.3.2
Institutional Antecedents of Economic Development 141 5.3.3 Immigration and
Labor Policy in Shenzhen 143 5.3.4 The Establishment of the Entrepreneurship
Garden on High-tech R&D; 144 5\. 3. 5 Culture Values in Shenzhen and their
Influences on Entrepreneurship 145 5.3.5.1 Personal Achievement and Self-
realization 145 5.3.5.2 Strong Risk-taking Intention and Team-working Spirit
146 5.3.5.3 Flexible and Liquidity Preference 146 5.3.5.4 Emphasis on Money-
making 147 5.3.5.5 Shenzhen Speed and the Spirit of Hard Work and Sacrifice in
the 1980s 147 5.4 Barriers to Shenzhen Entrepreneurial Development 148 5.4.1.
Failure to Absorb High-Tech Investment from Developed Countries 149 5.4.2 The
Influence of the State’s Policy Making to Shenzhen’s Development 149 5.4.3
Unbalanced Development on Institutional Environment in Shenzhen and other
Mainland Cities 150 5.4.4 The Weakness of the Legal Framework 150 5.5
Institutional Subversion and Conversion 152 5.5.1 Decentralization 152 5.5.1.1
Case Study: The Establishment of the Service Centre for Foreign Investment
Enterprises 152 5.5.1.2 Case Study: Shenzhen’s successful Recruitment of
Promising Young people 153 5.5.2 The Efficiency of the Local Government 153
5.5.3 Case Study: Introduction of Quanshun Human Resource Service Company 154
5.5.4 The Emergence of Informal Institutions: Trust System and Network
Building in Shenzhen 157 5.5.4.1 Trust System Building in Shenzhen 158 5.5.4.2
Network building in Shenzhen 159 5.5.5 Case Study on High Technology: Huawei
Group (Part II) 160 5.5.5.1 Trust System and Network Building 161 5.5.5.2 The
Advantages of Private Ownership 162 5.5.5.3 Support from the Local Government
162 5.6 Conclusion: 163 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 165 1\. Summary 165 2\.
Conclusions and Suggestions 170 REFERENCES 177 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 194 ERKLÄRUNG
196 CURRICULUM VITAE 197 APPENDIX: LIST OF INTERVIEWEES 198
dc.description.abstract
This study analyzes the development in the three main entrepreneurial regions
in China: Wenzhou, Sunan (rural areas) and Shenzhen (city), depicting the
picture of the entrepreneurial development at a macro level. It shows the rise
of dynamic entrepreneurial initiatives and how they changed institutional
behavior in a long struggle. This transformed the Chinese economy
incrementally from a planned to a more market economy, region by region. This
study describes their evolution in the various institutional environments,
analyzes the benefits of institutions in the promotion of entrepreneurial
models, discovers how the barriers of institutions hinder the regional
entrepreneurial development and reveals the dynamic power of entrepreneurial
activities in Wenzhou, Sunan and Shenzhen. After the introduction, this study
is divided into five chapters. In Chapter One of this study I have introduced
the theory of entrepreneurship and the concepts and perspectives on the
theoretical framework. Focusing on the development of entrepreneurship in
China, Chapter Two presents institutional environments and the process of the
rural economic reform since the economic reform in 1978. Based on all this,
Chapter Three and Four analyze the different forms of peasant entrepreneurship
and how the business models in rural areas in Wenzhou and Sunan were
transformed. As a comparative study, Chapter Five discusses the changes in
Shenzhen in 1979, as the CCP decided to open the city for investors, migrant
workforces and entrepreneurs, as it gave top priority to modernization.
Finally I will summarize and draw a conclusion of this study.
de
dc.description.abstract
Diese Studie analysiert die Entwicklung in den drei wichtigsten
Wirtschaftsregionen in China: Wenzhou, Sunan (ländliche Gebiete) und Shenzen
(Stadt). Sie beschreibt die Entwicklung dynamischer, unternehmerischer
Initiativen und wie diese in langen Kämpfen das institutionelle Umfeld
veränderten. Die chinesische Wirtschaft entwickelte sich dadurch allmählich,
Region nach Region, von einer Planwirtschaft zu einer Marktwirtschaft. Die
Studie gliedert sich in fünf Kapitel. Kapitel eins liefert das theoretische
Rüstzeug zur Diskussion von Umgebungseinflüssen auf das Unternehmertum, mit
spezieller Berücksichtigung von Shanes Argumenten hinsichtlich
institutioneller Randbedingungen und Douglass Norths Beschreibung von
Institutionen. Speziell im Hinblick auf die Entwicklung des Unternehmertums in
China beschreibt Kapitel zwei verschiedene institutionelle Umgebungen und die
Entwicklung der ländlichen Wirtschaft nach der Wirtschaftsreform von 1978. Es
diskutiert eine Dreiecks-Struktur, welche in dieser Arbeit benutzt wird um die
Wechselbeziehungen zwischen formellen und informellen institutionellen
Rahmenbedingungen, sozialem Kapital und der Entwicklung des Unternehmertums
aufzudecken. Basierend auf dieser Grundlage analysieren die Kapitel drei und
vier die verschiedenen Formen des Unternehmertums der Landbevölkerung und wie
die Geschäftsmodelle in den ländlichen Gebieten Wenhzou und Sunan sich
entwickelten. Im Vergleich dazu diskutiert das Kapitel fünf die Veränderungen
in Shenzen ab 1979, nachdem die CCP sich entschloss der Modernisierung erste
Priorität zu geben und die Stadt für Investoren, Wanderarbeiter und
Unternehmer zu öffnen. Den Schluss bildet eine Zusammenfassung und Diskussion
der Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit.
de
dc.format.extent
IV, 198 S.
dc.rights.uri
http://www.fu-berlin.de/sites/refubium/rechtliches/Nutzungsbedingungen
dc.subject
Entrepreneurship
dc.subject
institutional environment
dc.subject
regional cultures
dc.subject
Chinese socio-cultural environment and institution
dc.subject.ddc
300 Sozialwissenschaften::330 Wirtschaft
dc.title
The development of entrepreneurship in China
dc.contributor.firstReferee
Prof.Dr.Guenter Faltin
dc.contributor.furtherReferee
Prof.Dr. Christoph Wulf
dc.date.accepted
2012-10-16
dc.identifier.urn
urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-fudissthesis000000040018-0
dc.title.subtitle
The influence of institutions on entrepreneurship
dc.title.translated
Die Entwicklung des Unternehmertums in China
de
dc.title.translatedsubtitle
Der Einfluss der Institutionen auf das Unternehmertum
en
refubium.affiliation
Erziehungswissenschaft und Psychologie
de
refubium.mycore.fudocsId
FUDISS_thesis_000000040018
refubium.mycore.derivateId
FUDISS_derivate_000000012501
dcterms.accessRights.dnb
free
dcterms.accessRights.openaire
open access
