dc.contributor.author
Gebreselassie, Eden Ephraim
dc.date.accessioned
2018-06-07T19:07:26Z
dc.date.available
2009-11-10T12:06:51.713Z
dc.identifier.uri
https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/5767
dc.identifier.uri
http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-9966
dc.description
SUMMARY
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
i SUMMARY IN GERMAN (ZUSAMMENFASSUNG)
------------------------------------------- iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
-------------------------------------------------------------------- v TABLE
OF CONTENTS
----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.0.
INTRODUCTION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
1.1. The Intestinal immune system
-----------------------------------------------------------5 1.1.1 The
intestinal epithelial cells (IECs)
----------------------------------------------------7 1.2. The involvement of
probiotics in gastrointestinal immunity ---------------------------11 1.3.
Enterococcus faecium
--------------------------------------------------------------------13 1.4.
Salmonellosis
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------14
1.4.1. Pathogenesis of Salmonella
-----------------------------------------------------------15 1.4.2. Host
defence against salmonellosis
------------------------------------------------17 1.5. Transmissible
gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) ------------------------------------------18 1.6.
A closer look at selected receptors, enzymes, cytokines and inhibitors
-----------21 1.6.1. Receptors
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
1.6.2. Enzymes
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------23
1.6.3. Cytokines
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25 1.6.4. Inhibitors
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
28 1.7. Objectives of the study
----------------------------------------------------------------- 29 2.0.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
---------------------------------------------------------- 30 2.1. Materials
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30 2.1.1. Experimental animals
---------------------------------------------------------------- 30 2.1.2.
Microorganisms
-------------------------------------------------------------------------30
2.1.2.1. Probiotic: Enterococcus faecium SF 68 (NCIMB 10415)
-------------------------- 30 2.1.2.2. Salmonella typhimurium DT 104
---------------------------------------------------30 2.1.2.3. Transmissible
gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) -----------------------------------------30
2.1.3. Reagents
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
31 2.1.4.
Kits---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
33 2.1.5.
Enzymes---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
33 2.1.6. Antibodies
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
2.1.7. Consumables
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
2.1.8. Instruments
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------35
2.1.9. Solutions
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
2.2. In-vivo evaluation of the effect of E. faecium SF68 against Salmonella
typhimurium DT 104
--------------------------------------------------------------------38 2.2.1.
Experimental design
--------------------------------------------------------------------38 2.2.2.
Animal feed
------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
2.2.3. Infection with S. typhimurium DT 104
------------------------------------------------39 2.2.4. Collection of
intestinal sections, spleen and blood------------------------------------41
2.2.5. Isolation of lymphocytes from spleen, discrete and distal continuous PP
---------------------------------------------------------------------------42
2.2.6. Isolation of intraepithelial lymphocytes from jejunum
-------------------------------43 2.2.7. Isolation of PBMC from Blood
----------------------------------------------------------43 2.2.8. Flow
cytometry
---------------------------------------------------------------------------44
2.2.8.1. Principle and application
--------------------------------------------------------------44 2.2.8.2. Flow
cytometric staining and phenotyping-------------------------------------------
46 2.2.9. Magnetic activated cell sorting
(MACS)------------------------------------------------47 2.2.10. Relative
quantification of selected genes using Real-time PCR--------------------49
2.2.10.1. Principles of real-time
PCR--------------------------------------------------------- 49 2.2.10.2. RNA
isolation and cDNA synthesis
-------------------------------------------------50 2.2.10.3. Primer design
------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
2.2.10.4. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------52
2.2.10.5. Real-time PCR measurement and analysis
---------------------------------------52 2.3. In-vitro Evaluation of the
effect of E. faecium SF68 against TGEV -------------------53 2.3.1. Isolation
of cells -------------------------------------------------------
------------53 2.3.2. Growth and cell- size characterization of Type I and
Type II cells----------------- 54 2.3.2.1. Growth of Type I and Type II cells
in Three-dimensional (3D) Culture
----------------------------------------------------------------------54
2.3.3. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
---------------------------------------------55 2.3.4. Flow cytometric and
histochemical analysis of expression of cell markers
-----------------------------------------
--------------------------------------56 2.3.4.1. FACS Analysis
---------------------------------------------------------------------56
2.3.4.2. Confocal fluorescent microscopy
---------------------------------------------------56 2.3.5. Analysis of Gene-
Expression ---------------------------------------------------------57
2.3.5.1. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
----------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
2.3.6. Determination of the sensitivity of type I and type II cells to TGEV
Infection
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58
2.3.7. Evaluation of the effect of the probiotic against TGEV infection in
Type II cells
-------------------------------------------------------------------------59
2.3.7.1. Virus
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------59
2.3.7.2. TCID50 determination
------------------------------------------------------------ 59 2.3.7.3.
Methylthiazol-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) Test
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
60 2.3.7.4. Virus titre (TCID50) determination
--------------------------------------------------61 2.3.7.5. Determination of
cytokine modulation by the probiotic Bacteria
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
61 2.3.7.5.1. Pre-treatment and harvest of cells after virus
infection--------------------------------------------------------------------------
61 2.3.7.5.2. Total RNA extraction and reverse transcription
-----------------------------------61 2.3.7.5.3. Real time PCR
-------------------------------------------------------------------62 3.0.
RESULTS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
63 3.1. In-vivo Evaluation of the effect of E. faecium SF68 against S.
typhimurium DT 104
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
63 3.1.1. Percentages of CD8 and CD4 positive lymphocytes in the probiotic and
control groups
---------------------------------------------------------------------63 3.1.2.
Percentages of CD4 positive lymphocytes in the probiotic and control Groups
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------64
3.1.3. Isolation of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes by MACS -------
------------------------65 3.1.4. IL-1 gene expression in PBMC
-------------------------------- -----------------------67 3.1.5. IL-8 gene
expression in PBMC -------------------------- -----------------------------68
3.1.6. TLRs gene expression in PBMC
---------------------------------------------------------69 3.1.7. IL-1ra gene
expression in PBMC ------------------------------------------------------70
3.1.8. TGF-ß and CD9 gene expressions in PBMC ------ ---------------------
--------------71 3.1.9. IL-1 gene expression in distal continuous PP
-------------------------------------- 72 3.2. In-vitro Evaluation of the
effect of E. faecium SF68 against TGEV ------------------- 73 3.2.1.
Difference of Type I and Type II cells in cell-size and growth rate
----------------73 3.2.2. Overviews of type I and type II cells under the
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------76
3.2.3. The ultra-structures of type I and type II cells
-------------------------------------77 3.2.3.1. The Microvilli
---------------------------------------------------77 3.2.3.2. Cell-to-cell
contact --------------------------------------------------77 3.2.3.3.
Organelles -------------------------------------------------79 3.2.4. Studies
on the expression of selected genes in type I and type II
cells----------------------------------------------------------------------------
81 3.2.5. Flow cytometric and histochemical analysis of expression of cell
markers --------- ----------------------------------------------
------------------------82 3.2.5.1. FACS analysis for CD14 and CD45 markers in
type I and type II cells --------82 3.2.5.2. FACS analysis for endothelial
markers----------------------------------------------83 3.2.5.3. Detection of
an epithelial cell marker using Fluorescence Microscopy
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------84
3.2.6. Sensitivity of type I and type II cells to TGEV infection
-----------------------------85 3.2.7. Detection of TGEV in type II cells
using transmission electron Microscopy
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------86
3.2.8. Antiviral effect of the probiotic pre-treatment on the survival of type
II and ST cells after TGEV infection-----
----------------------------------------------- 87 3.2.9. Antiviral effect of
the probiotic pre-treatment on virus titre from type II Cells after TGEV
infection ------------------------------------------------------------ 88
3.2.10. Effects of the probiotic pre-treatment on the expression of cytokines
in type II cells
----------------------------------------------------------------------- 89
4.0. DISCUSSION
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------91
4.1. In-vivo Evaluation of the effect of E. faecium SF68 against Salmonella
typhimurium DT 104
----------------------------------------------------------------91 4.2. In-
vitro Evaluation of the effect of E. faecium SF68 against TGEV
-------------------94 5.0. CONCLUSION
-------------------------------------------------------------------101 6.0.
REFERENCES ------------------------------------------------------------------
108 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
-------------------------------------------------------------------120 LIST OF
PUBLICATIONS
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 122
CURRICULUM VITAE
----------------------------------------------------------------------- 124
dc.description.abstract
The main objective of the present study was to assess the immunological
effects of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium SF68 (NCIMB 10415) in piglets
using two different approaches. Firstly, we used an in vivo model, where
piglets in a probiotic (43 piglets receiving E. faecium SF68 supplement) and a
control group (46 piglets without the probiotic supplement) were infected with
Salmonella typhimurium DT104. Piglets from each litter were randomly selected
and sacrificed 3h, 24h and 72h and 28d post infection (p.i) and PBMC, CD4+
lymphocytes from spleen and discrete Peyer´s patch (PP), lymphocytes from
distal continuous PP and CD8+ lymphocytes from the intraepithelial lymphocytes
(IEL) of the jejunum were isolated using different protocols and a magnetic
cell sorting (MACS) method. The relative percentages of CD8+ lymphocytes in
the IEL of both groups as compared by FACS analysis showed, in line with
previous studies, a significant decrease in CD8+ lymphocytes in the probiotic
group 24h after Salmonella infection. The relative percentages of CD4+ cells
in the discrete PP and the spleen showed a tendency towards higher percentages
in piglets of the probiotic group. From all the cells isolated, RNA samples
were extracted and complementary DNAs (cDNAs) were prepared. From the cDNAs of
the PBMC samples and that of the distal PP samples, gene expression analysis
for various cytokines/chemokines, and receptors was undertaken by real-time
PCR. Analysis revealed a significant up-regulation of the genes for TLR2,
IL-1, IL-1ß and IL-8, in the PBMC and IL-1, in the distal continuous PP of
piglets of the probiotic group 71h after Salmonella infection. Although
inflammation could not be minimized, our study is the first to report the up-
regulation of the anti-inflammatory genes TLR9, CD9 and TGF-ß through the
probiotic E. faecium SF68. Secondly, we used an in-vitro model to study the
immunological effect of E. faecium SF68 against transmissible gastroenteritis
virus (TGEV) in epithelial cells. This work is the first to study the effect
of probiotics against TGEV. Since probiotics act mainly in the intestine where
TGEV-infection resides, establishing appropriate intestinal cell lines of
porcine origin is crucial. For this purpose two previously isolated cells
(type I and type II cells) from the epithelium of piglets were characterized
morphologically (light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FACS)
histochemically (FACS and fluorescence Microscopy), molecularly (RT-PCR) and
with respect to their sensitivity to TGEV infection. Our results indicate that
the cells are of epithelial nature and that only type II cells are sensitive
to TGEV. Type II cells were found to produce higher virus titres than the
known model cells for studies on TGEV, ST cells, which do not originate from
the intestine. Thus, type II could be used as appropriate porcine intestinal
epithelial cell lines for in vitro studies with TGEV. To study the anti-viral
effect of the probiotic on TGEV, monolayers of type II cells were pre-treated
with E. faecium SF68 before infection with the virus and cellular survival
rates determined using an MTT test. It was revealed that both probiotic
bacteria and their metabolic products in culture supernatant enhanced cellular
survival against TGEV infection. Furthermore, we measured the viral titres of
the probiotic-treated and non-treated TGEV-infected monolayers of type II
cells using the TCID50 titration method on ST cells. Our results showed a
decrease in the viral infectivity and viral yields as a result of E. faecium
SF68-pretreatment. In-order to confirm the molecular out comes of the
protective effect of the probiotic pre-treatment, we did real-time PCR
analysis to compare the levels of expression of the genes for IL-6, IL-8 and
IFN- between the control type II cells, the cells pre-treated with the
probiotic, the cells that were infected with TGEV and the cells that were
probiotic pre-treated and infected with TGEV. Our results show a highly
significant up-regulation of the above genes by viral infection as compared to
that attributed to the probiotic-pre-treatment. As a result of decreased virus
yields, a significant decrease in the virus-induced up-regulation of the above
inflammatory genes was observed after E. faecium SF68 pre-treatment. The
results suggest a possible mechanism of beneficial effects of probiotics to
intestinal infections through a reduction of inflammatory cytokines induced by
infecting agents, including viruses.
de
dc.description.abstract
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, durch zwei verschiedene Vorgehensweisen
die immunologischen Effekte des probiotischen Stammes Enterococcus faecium
SF68 (NCIMB 10415) auf Ferkel einzuschätzen. Zunächst wurde ein in vivo Modell
genutzt, bei dem die Ferkel in zwei Gruppen – eine probiotische (43 Ferkel,
die als Präparat den Stamm E. faecium SF68 verabreicht bekamen) und eine
Kontrollgruppe (46 Ferkel ohne probiotisches Präparat) – eingeteilt wurden.
Beide Gruppen wurden mit dem Stamm Salmonella typhimurium DT104 infiziert.
Zufällig ausgewählte Ferkel jeden Wurfs wurden 3, 24 und 72 Stunden sowie 28
Tage post infectionem (p. i.) getötet. PBMC, CD4+-Lymphocyten aus der Milz und
einzelnen Peyer’sche Plaques (PP), Lymphocyten aus dem distalen PP und
CD8+-Lymphocyten aus den intraepithelialen Lymphocyten (IEL) des Jejunums
wurden durch Einsatz verschiedener Protokolle und des Magnetic Cell Sorting
Prinzips (MACS) isoliert. Durchflußzytometrische Bestimmung der
CD8+-Lymphocyten im IEL aus Ferkeln beider Versuchsgruppen ergab im Einklang
mit früheren Untersuchungen eine signifikante Reduktion in der probiotischen
Gruppe 24 Stunden nach Infektion mit Salmonellen. Die relative Anzahl von
CD4+-Zellen in den einzelnen PP und der Milz war tendetiell höher in Ferkeln
der probiotischen Gruppe. Aus allen isolierten Zellen wurde RNA gewonnen und
komplementäre DNA (cDNA) hergestellt. Mit der cDNA aus den Proben der PBMC und
aus dem distalen PP wurde eine real-time PCR durchgeführt, um die
Genexpression verschiedener Cytokine/Chemokine und Rezeptoren zu überprüfen.
Unsere Ergebnisse zeigten eine signifikante Hochregulation der Gene für TLR2,
IL-1, IL-1ß und IL-8 in den PBMC und IL-1 in den distalen PP der Ferkel aus
der probiotischen Gruppe 71 Stunden nach Infektion mit Salmonellen. Obwohl die
Entzündungsreaktion nicht vermindert werden konnte, wird hier erstmals die
Hochregulation der antientzündlichen Gene TLR-9, CD9 und TGF-ß durch den
probiotischen Stamms E. faecium SF68 gezeigt. Im zweiten Teil der vorliegenden
Arbeit wurde ein in-vitro Modell genutzt, um die immunologischen Auswirkungen
des Stammes E. faecium SF68 auf die vermerung des Transmissiblen
Gastroenteritis-Virus (TGEV) in Epithelzellen zu untersuchen. Diese Arbeit ist
die erste, die den Effekt eines Probiotikums gegen TGEV erforscht. Da
Probiotika hauptsächlich im Darm wirken, also dort, wo sich TGEV-Infektionen
etablieren, ist der Einsatz einer adäquaten intestinalen Zelllinie porcinen
Ursprungs entscheidend. Daher wurden zwei früher isolierte Zelllinien (Typ I-
und Typ II-Zellen) aus dem Epithel von Ferkeln durch Einsatz morphologischer
(Licht- und Transmissionselektronenmikroskop, FACS), histochemischer (FACS und
Fluoreszenzmikroskopie) und molekularer (RT-PCR) Methoden sowie hinsichtlich
ihrer Sensitivität gegenüber TGEV charakterisiert. Die erzielten Ergebnisse
lassen vermuten, dass beide Zelllinien epithelialer Natur sind und nur die Typ
II-Zellen mit TGEVinfiziert werden können. Typ II-Zellen produzierten höhere
Virustiter als ST-Zellen, die das für Untersuchungen zu TGEV etablierte
Zelllinien-Modell darstellen, aber ursprünglich nicht aus dem Darm stammen.
Folglich können Typ II-Zellen künftig als adäquate porcine Epithelzelllinie
für in-vitro Untersuchungen von TGEV genutzt werden. Um den antiviralen Effekt
des Probiotikums auf TGEV zu untersuchen, wurden Monolayer der Typ II-Zellen
vor der Infektion mit dem Virus mit dem Stamm E. faecium SF68 vorbehandelt.
Anschließend wurde der Anstieg überlebender Zellen mittels MTT-Test ermittelt
und mit den Ergebnissen der nicht vorbehandelten Kontroll-Monolayern
verglichen. Zusätzlich wurden die Virustiter der probiotisch vorbehandelten
und nicht vorbehandelten infizierten Monolayer der Typ II-Zellen durch Einsatz
der TCID50 Titrationsmethode von ST-Zellen bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen
einen Abfall der viralen Aktivität und der Virustiter als Resultat der
Vorbehandlung mit dem Stamm E. faecium SF68. Um die molekularen Ergebnisse der
Schutzeffekt vom Probiotika gegenüber TGEV infektion zu bestätigen, wurde eine
real-time PCR-Analyse durchgeführt, um den Grad der Genexpression von IL-6,
IL-8 und IFN- zwischen den Typ II-Kontrollzellen, probiotisch vorbehandelten
Zellen, mit TGEV infizierten Zellen und Zellen, die sowohl probiotisch
vorbehandelt als auch mit TGEV infiziert wurden, zu vergleichen. Die
Ergebnisse zeigen, dass durch die virale Infektion die Expression der oben
erwähnten Gene verglichen mit der Expression in der probiotisch vorbehandelten
Gruppe stark signifikant hochreguliert werde. Die virus-induzierte
Hochregulation der oben erwähnten Gene für Entzündungfaktoren ließ sich durch
Vorbehandlung mit dem Stamm E. faecium SF68 reduzieren. Die Ergebnisse deuten
drauf hin, dass die nützlichen Effekts des Probiotikums in einer Reduktion der
Entzündungszytokinen liegt, die durch infektiöse Agentien hervorgerufen
werden.
en
dc.rights.uri
http://www.fu-berlin.de/sites/refubium/rechtliches/Nutzungsbedingungen
dc.subject
Enterococcus faecium
dc.subject.ddc
500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie
dc.title
Assessment of the effects of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium SF68 (NCIMB
10415) on the immune defense of piglets in vivo and in vitro in the context of
microbial infections
dc.contributor.contact
edenephraim2002@yahoo.com
dc.contributor.firstReferee
Prof. Dr. Schmidt
dc.contributor.furtherReferee
Prof. Dr. Turgay
dc.date.accepted
2009-11-04
dc.identifier.urn
urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-fudissthesis000000014081-8
dc.title.translated
Einschätzung von den Wirkungen vom Probiotik Enterococcus faecium SF68 (NCIMB
10415) auf das Immunsystem der Ferkel in vivo und in Vitro im Kontext
mikrobieller Infektionen
de
refubium.affiliation
Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie
de
refubium.mycore.fudocsId
FUDISS_thesis_000000014081
refubium.mycore.derivateId
FUDISS_derivate_000000006592
dcterms.accessRights.dnb
free
dcterms.accessRights.openaire
open access