dc.contributor.author
Röhner, Nora
dc.date.accessioned
2018-06-07T18:32:43Z
dc.date.available
2012-07-12T11:07:37.659Z
dc.identifier.uri
https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/5148
dc.identifier.uri
http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-9347
dc.description
Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW III. THE CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK 1\. Trends in Peace Missions 1.1. The Evolution of Interventions
1.1.1. Military Occupation and Colonial Rule 1.1.2. Mandates and Trusteeships
1.1.3. Traditional Peacekeeping 1.1.4. Multidimensional Peacebuilding 1.1.5.
Statebuilding and Nation-building 1.1.6. International Transitional
Administration 1.1.7. Quo Vadis? 1.2. Descriptive Analysis of UN Peace
Missions 1.2.1. Number of UN Peace Missions 1.2.2. Duration 1.2.3. Manpower
1.2.4. Resources 1.2.5. Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding 2\. The Research
Question 2.1. Friendly Takeover 2.2. Light Footprint 2.3. Reconciling the Two
Approaches 2.4. Context Matters IV. THE ANALYSIS 1\. Concept Specification
1.1. Definition of Peacebuilding and Case Selection 1.2. Operationalization
and Descriptive Data 1.2.1. Defining the Outcome 1.2.1.1. Security 1.2.1.2.
Statehood 1.2.2. Constructing a Measure of the Scale of Peace Missions
1.2.2.1. Duration 1.2.2.2. Manpower 1.2.2.3. Resources 1.2.2.4. Scale of the
Peace Missions in the Sample 1.2.3. Constructing a Measure of the Scope of
Peace Missions 1.2.3.1. Did External Actors Enforce Peace with Military Power?
1.2.3.2. Did External Actors Participate in Executive Policing? 1.2.3.3. Did
External Actors Engage in Security Sector Reform? 1.2.3.4. Did External Actors
Take on Executive Powers? 1.2.3.5. Did External Actors Take on Legislative
Powers? 1.2.3.6. Did External Actors Shape the New Constitution? 1.2.3.7. Did
External Actors Take on Judicial Powers? 1.2.3.8. Did External Actors
Decisively Shape Economic Policies? 1.2.3.9. Scope of the Peace Missions in
the Sample 1.2.4. A Combined Measure of Mission Intrusiveness 1.2.5. Trends of
Mission Intrusiveness 2\. Two-Step fs/QCA Analysis 2.1. From QCA to Two-Step
fs/QCA 2.2. Definition of Remote and Proximate Conditions 2.3. Calibration of
Fuzzy Sets 2.4. The Fuzzy Set Data Sheet 3\. Analysis 3.1. fs/QCA Analyses for
Necessary Conditions 3.2. Two-step fs/QCA Analyses for Sufficient Conditions
3.2.1. Two-Step Test of Sufficiency for the Outcome Security 3.2.2. Two-Step
Test of Sufficiency for the Outcome Absence of Security 3.2.3. Two-Step Test
of Sufficiency for the Outcome Statehood 3.2.4. Two-Step Test of Sufficiency
for the Outcome Absence of Statehood 4\. Interpretation of the Results V. THE
CASE STUDIES 1\. Case Study Kosovo 1.1. Historical Background 1.2. UNMIK Scale
1.2.1. Duration 1.2.2. Manpower 1.2.3. Resources 1.3. UNMIK Scope 1.3.1.
Temporary Variation of Intrusiveness 1.3.2. Spatial Variation of Intrusiveness
1.3.3. Technical Analysis 1.3.3.1. Peace Enforcement 1.3.3.2. Executive
Policing 1.3.3.3. Security Sector Reform 1.3.3.4. Executive 1.3.3.5.
Legislature 1.3.3.6. Constitution 1.3.3.7. Judiciary 1.3.3.8. Economic
Policies 1.4. Intervention Society – Kosovo as a Case of Friendly Takeover
1.4.1. Interaction between the Kosovo Representatives and UNMIK 1.4.2. Effects
of the UNMIK Presence on State-Society Relations 1.4.3. Interaction between
UNMIK and the People 1.5. Analysis of Statehood 1.5.1. Ownership of the
Outcome: Who Provides Statehood? 1.5.1.1. Is Kosovo a Sovereign State after
Independence? 1.5.2. Quality of Statehood 1.5.2.1. Provision of Security –
UNMIK as a Security Guarantee 1.5.2.2. Institutional Capacities and Quality of
Welfare 1.5.2.2.1. Government Effectiveness, Bureaucratic Quality, and
Corruption 1.5.2.2.2. Rule of Law 1.5.2.2.3. Democracy 1.5.2.2.4. Service
Provision and Social Welfare 1.5.2.2.5. Economic Performance 1.5.2.3. Shared
Political and Ethnic Identity 2\. Case Study Liberia 2.1. Historical
Background 2.2. UNMIL Scale 2.2.1. Duration 2.2.2. Manpower 2.2.3. Resources
2.3. UNMIL Scope 2.3.1. Technical Analysis 2.3.1.1. Peace Enforcement 2.3.1.2.
Executive Policing 2.3.1.3. Security Sector Reform 2.3.1.4. Executive 2.3.1.5.
Legislature 2.3.1.6. Constitution 2.3.1.7. Judiciary 2.3.1.8. Economic
Policies 2.3.2. Spatial and Temporary Variation of Intrusiveness 2.4.
Intervention Society – Liberia as a Case of Light Footprint 2.4.1. Interaction
between the Government of Liberia and UNMIL 2.4.2. Effects of the UNMIL
Presence on State-Society Relations 2.4.3. Interaction between UNMIL and the
People 2.5. Analysis of Statehood 2.5.1. Ownership of the Outcome: Who
Provides Statehood? 2.5.1.1. Liberia’s Sovereignty 2.5.2. Quality of Statehood
2.5.2.1. Provision of Security – UNMIL as a Security Guarantee 2.5.2.2.
Institutional Capacities and Quality of Welfare 2.5.2.2.1. Government
Effectiveness, Bureaucratic Quality, and Corruption 2.5.2.2.2. Rule of Law
2.5.2.2.3. Democracy 2.5.2.2.4. Service Provision and Social Welfare
2.5.2.2.5. Economic Performance 2.5.2.3. Shared Political and Ethnic Identity
and State-Society Relations 3\. Conclusion from Case Studies VI. CONCLUSION
VII. ANNEX BIBLIOGRAPHY
dc.description.abstract
Three empirical questions are asked in the study: First, can one observe a
trend of interventions and specifically of the intrusiveness of UN peace
missions? Second, if peace missions have become more intrusive over time, is
that trend justified and can one find that more intrusive peace missions
produce better outcomes in terms of security and statehood? Third, what are
the causalities behind the relationship of mission intrusiveness and
peacebuilding outcomes? The study is divided into three parts to answer these
questions. In the first part, an outline of the evolution of interventions and
a detailed descriptive analysis of 22 post-Cold War UN peacebuilding missions
reveals that peace missions have generally become more ambitious. Unlike the
traditional peacekeeping missions, modern peacebuilding missions not only aim
at ending wars but at rebuilding states and reconciling societies. In the
second part of the study, data on mission duration, manpower, expenditures,
and on the range of tasks and responsibilities taken on by the peacebuilders
are collected and analyzed for the sample. These data are then combined into
an innovative index for mission intrusiveness. The depiction of the
intrusiveness index on a time line reveals that the trend of increasing
intrusiveness has reached its peak in the early 2000s with the transitional
administrations in Bosnia, East Timor, and Kosovo. The most recent
peacebuilding missions have again been smaller in scale and scope. The novelty
of this study is that it puts mission intrusiveness into perspective. It is
argued that not a certain level of mission intrusiveness per se leads to a
certain outcome, but that in order to be successful the mission design has to
be the best response to the demands on the ground. What matters is the context
in which missions are deployed, meaning the intensity of the previous war, the
local demand for peacebuilding, and socio-economic development. A systematic
two-step fuzzy set QCA analysis of the sample tests finds that in favorable
contexts, missions of low scale (short duration, little manpower and resource
endowments) but with high scope (wide-ranging set of tasks and
responsibilities) will produce high levels of security and statehood. By
contrast, in unfavorable contexts, missions of both high scale and scope will
produce peacebuilding failure. It is also found that the demand of the local
elites for peacebuilding is a necessary condition for both security and
statehood. The third part presents two detailed case studies. In order to find
out what role agency plays in the relationship between context, mission
design, and outcomes, the case studies look at the interaction processes
between international and domestic actors. In Kosovo, the UN interim
administration has been successful at building state structures, but this
technical focus on formalities has not led to the expected trickle-down effect
to foster effective decision-making and create a lively democratic culture.
The high level of international oversight and external control of the
transition process has impeded local actors from developing political
responsibilities. Once the local elites and the people of Kosovo had achieved
independence from Serbia in 2008, their demand for an international presence
has subsided noticeably. In Liberia, the mission mandate was limited to
assisting the Liberian government under President Johnson Sirleaf in its own
reconstruction and reform efforts. Despite the lack of local capacities and
therefore high aid dependency, the country has made considerable progress due
to the high domestic demand for peacebuilding. From the case studies, one can
conclude that the impetus for state reconstruction and reconciliation of a
society must first and foremost come from the inside and can only be supported
from the outside.
de
dc.description.abstract
In der Dissertation werden drei empirische Fragen beantwortet: Erstens, gibt
es einen Trend hin zu immer umfangreicheren UNO-Friedensmissionen? Zweitens,
falls so ein Trend zu beobachten ist, sind diese Missionen auch immer
erfolgreicher geworden hinsichtlich der Schaffung von Sicherheit und
Staatlichkeit und rechtfertigen damit die Fortführung der Entwicklung? Und
drittens, welche Kausalmechanismen wirken in der Beziehung zwischen dem Umfang
von Friedensmissionen und den erreichten Ergebnissen? Die Arbeit gliedert sich
in drei Teile. Der erste Teil umfasst eine Beschreibung der Evolution von
Interventionen und eine detaillierte deskriptive Analyse einer Fallauswahl von
22 modernen UNO-Friedensmissionen seit 1990. Man kann zeigen, dass
Friedensmissionen generell umfangreicher und ambitionierter geworden sind. Im
Gegensatz zu traditionellen peacekeeping-Missionen, versuchen die neueren
peacebuilding-Missionen, sowohl Kriege zu beenden, als auch Staaten nach
Konflikt wieder aufzubauen und damit zur Versöhnung von Gesellschaften
beizutragen. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden Daten zu Missionsdauer,
Personalstärke, Kosten und zum Umfang der übernommenen Exekutivaufgaben
analysiert. Diese Daten werden zu einem Index ‚intrusiveness’ zusammengefasst.
Dieser zeigt, dass der Umfang von Friedensmissionen in den letzten 20 Jahren
zunächst zugenommen hat. Diese Entwicklung wurde allerdings nicht fortgesetzt,
als die UNO-Übergangsverwaltungen in Bosnien, Ost-Timor und Kosovo nicht wie
erwartet erfolgreich waren. Im Anschluss zeigt die Dissertation mit einer
zweistufigen Fuzzy-Set-QCA-Analyse der Fallauswahl, dass der Erfolg von
Friedensmissionen nicht nur vom Design der Mission abhängig ist, sondern auch
vom Kontext. Je weniger intensiv der Krieg war, je höher ökonomisch und sozial
entwickelt das Land ist und je größer die lokale Nachfrage nach externer
Unterstützung im Friedensprozess ist, desto eher kommt es zu Erfolg
hinsichtlich Sicherheit und Staatlichkeit. Unter diesen günstigen
Voraussetzungen führt wenig Präsenz (Dauer, Personal, Kosten) in Kombination
mit umfangreichen Kompetenzen am ehesten zu Erfolg. Unter ungünstigen
Voraussetzungen hingegen führen umfangreiche Missionen zu Misserfolg und unter
Umständen zum erneuten Ausbruch von Gewalt. Der dritte Teil der Studie legt
zwei Fallstudien vor, um die Ergebnisse der vorherigen Analyse zu ergänzen.
Darin werden detailliert die Interaktionsprozesse zwischen externen und
lokalen Akteuren untersucht und gezeigt, wie sich der Grad der Einbeziehung
lokaler Eliten in den Wiederaufbauprozess auf die Staats- und Friedensbildung
auswirkt. Die Fallstudie zur internationalen Übergangverwaltung im Kosovo
macht deutlich, dass massives externes Engagement und die Schaffung von
nationaler Eigenverantwortung im Wiederaufbau- und Reformprozess gegenläufige
Prozesse sind. Die Fallstudie zur Mission in Liberia, die nur ein
Unterstützungsmandat hatte, veranschaulicht, dass trotz ungünstiger
Voraussetzungen und Abhängigkeit von externer Finanzierung und technischer
Unterstützung Erfolg möglich ist, wenn die lokale Nachfrage nach peacebuilding
groß ist. Aus beiden Fallstudien lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass UNO-
Friedensmissionen zwar lokale Prozesse unterstützen können, der Wunsch nach
Frieden und Wiederaufbau aber aus der Gesellschaft selbst kommen muss.
de
dc.rights.uri
http://www.fu-berlin.de/sites/refubium/rechtliches/Nutzungsbedingungen
dc.subject
United Nations
dc.subject
light footprint
dc.subject
local ownership
dc.subject
Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)
dc.subject.ddc
300 Sozialwissenschaften::320 Politikwissenschaft
dc.title
UN peacebuilding - light footprint or friendly takeover?
dc.contributor.contact
nora.roehner@gmx.de
dc.contributor.firstReferee
Prof. Dr. Christoph Zürcher
dc.contributor.furtherReferee
Prof. Dr. Sven Chojnacki
dc.date.accepted
2011-05-02
dc.identifier.urn
urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-fudissthesis000000037684-8
dc.title.translated
Friedensmissionen der Vereinten Nationen - Light Footprint oder freundliche
Übernahme?
de
refubium.affiliation
Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften
de
refubium.mycore.fudocsId
FUDISS_thesis_000000037684
refubium.mycore.derivateId
FUDISS_derivate_000000011156
dcterms.accessRights.dnb
free
dcterms.accessRights.openaire
open access