Fused 3D boron heterocycles via EnT catalysis: synthesis, modification and validation as beta-lactamase inhibitors

Abstract

The installation of a boron unit into bioactive scaffolds continues to unlock novel modes of molecular recognition in drug discovery. As such, de novo strategies to access 3D boron-containing frameworks, that modulate the intrinsic reactivity at boron, are being intensively pursued. Herein, we report a visible light-mediated energy transfer (EnT) catalysis strategy that enables the [2 + 2] cycloaddition of boron-containing heterocycles to construct 3D frameworks with high structural complexity. Leveraging both inter- and intramolecular cycloadditions, a suite of angularly fused boron heterocycles was accessed, offering enhanced steric shielding and modular handles for additional interactions. A boron deletion strategy permits the synthesis of benzofuran scaffolds, otherwise inaccessible via direct EnT. Crucially, the resulting 3D architectures mimic structural motifs found in the potent β-lactamase inhibitor Xeruborbactam. The biological relevance of these frameworks was validated by NMR titration, pKa analysis, and co-crystallisation with serine β-lactamase CTX-M-14, revealing enantiospecific binding and a well-defined hydrogen bonding network. These results establish a versatile platform for the synthesis of functionalised boron heterocycles with direct translational potential in medicinal chemistry.