Postoperative complications following mandibular fracture treatment vary from local wound infections to severe conditions including osteomyelitis and impaired fracture healing. Several risk factors have been associated with the development healing disorders, including fracture localisation, treatment modality and substance abuse. However, limited research on the sex-specific influence of these complications exists. A total of about 300,000 female and male patients with mandibular fractures were examined in two cohorts. After matching for confounders (age, nicotine and alcohol dependence, malnutrition, overweight, anaemia, diabetes, osteoporosis and vitamin D deficiency), two cohorts were compared with propensity-score-matched patients according to outcomes (osteomyelitis, pseudoarthrosis and disruption of the wound) within 1 year after fracture. There were significant differences between female and male patients regarding the occurrence of osteomyelitis (odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval]: 0.621 [0.563; 0.686]) and disruption of the wound (OR [95% confidence interval]: 0.703 [0.632; 0.782]). Surprisingly, matching for the expected confounders did not change the results substantially. Sex plays a dominant role in determining the risk stratification for postoperative osteomyelitis and disruption of the wound, after accounting for other potential confounding factors. Additional research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop sex-specific strategies to prevent these complications.
