The antidiabetic properties of lignans: a comprehensive review

Abstract

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease with a high global prevalence. Lignans, a class of plant natural compounds found in commonly consumed foods, are well-tolerated by humans and have demonstrated promising potential in the management of DM. Consumption of lignan-rich foods has been associated with improved overall health and quality of life.

Purpose

The clinical and preclinical evidence on the role of lignans in managing DM are critically examined.

Methods

A thorough literature search was conducted across major scientific databases, focusing on studies that reported the effects of individual lignans on key diabetes indicators, such as glucose utilisation and insulin sensitivity, in both human and animal models, as well as in cell-based studies.

Results

A total of 180 lignans were included in the review. Out of these, only three were investigated in randomised clinical trials in humans and 31 in animal models. The reviewed evidence suggests some beneficial effects of lignans in preventing the development of obesity-related diabetes. Their therapeutic benefits in preventing diabetes-related complications, particularly diabetic nephropathy, in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, are also supported. Metabolites of various lignans, produced by microbial metabolism in the gut and serum enzymes, appear to be key bioactive forms, highlighting the need for detailed pharmacodynamic studies, optimised dosage designs, and the use of the appropriate lignan molecules for cell-based screening.

Conclusion

Lignans and their microbial metabolites show promise in preventing obesity-related diabetes and mitigating diabetes-related complications such as diabetic nephropathy, though further clinical studies are needed to optimize their therapeutic potential.