Integrated understanding of hydrocephalus — a practical approach for a complex disease

Abstract

Most of childhood hydrocephalus are originating during infancy. It is considered to be a complex disease since it is developed on the basis of heterogeneous pathophysiological mechanisms and different pathological conditions as well as during different age groups. Hence, it is of relevant importance to have a practical concept in mind, how to categorize hydrocephalus to surgically better approach this disease. The current review should offer further basis of discussion on a disease still most frequently seen in Pediatric Neurosurgery. Current literature on pathophysiology and classification of pediatric hydrocephalus has been reviewed to integrate the different published concepts of hydrocephalus for pediatric neurosurgeons. The current understanding of infant and childhood hydrocephalus pathophysiology is summarized. A simplified concept based on seven factors of CSF dynamics is elaborated and discussed in the context of recent discussions. The seven factors such as pulsatility, CSF production, major CSF pathways, minor CSF pathways, CSF absorption, venous outflow, and respiration may have different relevance and may also overlap for the individual hydrocephalic condition. The surgical options available for pediatric neurosurgeons to approach hydrocephalus must be adapted to the individual condition. The heterogeneity of hydrocephalus causes mostly developing during infancy warrant a simplified overview and understanding for an everyday approach. The proposed guide may be a basis for further discussion and may serve for a more or less simple categorization to better approach hydrocephalus as a pathophysiological complex disease.