dc.contributor.author
Beckers, Brian
dc.date.accessioned
2018-06-07T14:43:42Z
dc.date.available
2014-04-30T08:19:06.329Z
dc.identifier.uri
https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/316
dc.identifier.uri
http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-4520
dc.description
Acknowledgements
..........................................................................................................................................4
Summary
..............................................................................................................................................................5
Zusammenfassung
............................................................................................................................................6
1\. Introduction
................................................................................................................................................
12 Structure of the Thesis
...........................................................................................................................
14 References
....................................................................................................................................................
15 2\. Methods
.........................................................................................................................................................
16 2.1 Sediment analyses
.............................................................................................................................
16 2.2 Rainfall-runoff modeling
................................................................................................................
17 2.3 Optical Stimulated Luminescence Dating
...............................................................................
18 References
....................................................................................................................................................
20 3\. Ancient water harvesting methods in the drylands of the Mediterranean
and Western Asia
...........................................................................................................
22 3.1 Introduction
.........................................................................................................................................
22 3.2. Water Harvesting
..............................................................................................................................
22 3.1.1 Groundwater Harvesting
............................................................................................................
24 3.2.2. Runoff (Rainwater) harvesting
..............................................................................................
26 3.2.3. Floodwater Harvesting
...............................................................................................................
27 3.3 Discussion and Conclusion
............................................................................................................
29 References
....................................................................................................................................................
30 4\. Resafa
.............................................................................................................................................................
34 4.1 Runoff in two semi-arid watersheds in a geoarcheological context – a
case study of Naga, Sudan and Resafa, Syria
.............................................................................................................
34 4.1.2 Background
......................................................................................................................................
35 4.1.3. The study sites
...............................................................................................................................
36 4.1.3.2 The study site of Naga
..............................................................................................................
38 4.1.4. Data Processing And Methods
...............................................................................................
40 4.1.5. Results
..............................................................................................................................................
43 4.1.6 Discussion
.........................................................................................................................................
44 4.1.7 Conclusion
........................................................................................................................................
46 Acknowledgments
....................................................................................................................................
46 References
....................................................................................................................................................
46 4.2 The elaborated flooloodwater harvesting system of Resafa – Construction
and reliability
...................................................................................................................................................................
53 4.2.2. Study Site
..........................................................................................................................................
55 4.2.2.1 Geology, hydrology, and vegetation
....................................................................................
55 4.2.3. Data, Methods and Analysis
.....................................................................................................
61 4.2.4. Results and Discussion
...............................................................................................................
67 4.2.5. Conclusions
.....................................................................................................................................
77 Acknowledgements
..................................................................................................................................
77 References
....................................................................................................................................................
77 8 5\. Petra
................................................................................................................................................................
85 5.1 The chronology of ancient agricultural terraces in the environs of
Petra ................ 85 5.1.1 Introduction
.....................................................................................................................................
85 5.1.2 Environmental setting
................................................................................................................
85 5.1.3 Study sites
.........................................................................................................................................
86 5.1.4 Results and Discussion
................................................................................................................
88 5.1.5 Conclusion
........................................................................................................................................
92 Acknowledgments
....................................................................................................................................
94 References
....................................................................................................................................................
94 5.2 Age determination of Petra´s engineered landscape – optically
stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon ages of runoff terrace systems
in the Eastern Highlands of
Jordan........................................................................................................................................................
96 5.2.1 Introduction
....................................................................................................................................
96 5.2.2 Study site
...........................................................................................................................................
98 5.2.3 Sample locations
..........................................................................................................................100
5.2.4. Methods and materials
.............................................................................................................102
5.2.5. OSL and radiocarbon ages
......................................................................................................107
5.2.6. Site-specific results and discussion
....................................................................................112
5.2.7. Conclusion
.....................................................................................................................................119
Acknowledgements
...............................................................................................................................119
References
..................................................................................................................................................120
6\. Major conclusions and synthesis
.....................................................................................................126
6.1. Major conclusions of the case studies
...................................................................................126
6.1.1 Resafa
................................................................................................................................................126
6.1.2 Petra
..................................................................................................................................................127
6.2 Synthesis and future perspectives
...........................................................................................127
Curriculum
vitae...........................................................................................................................................130
Publikationen
................................................................................................................................................131
Konferenzbeiträge
.......................................................................................................................................131
dc.description.abstract
Two ancient cities in the dryland of West Asia are investigated in this thesis
with a focus on different aspects of their water and food supply systems.
Resafa initially a fortified Roman military post located in the Syrian desert
steppe, has been a Christian pilgrimage site and was the residence of the
Ummayyad Caliph Hisham ibn ‘abd al-Malik. The city was finally abandoned in
the 13th century AD after the Mongol invasion. Nowadays, the well-preserved
city walls, ruined churches and large cisterns attest to Resafas former
religious, political and economic importance that lasted from the 1st to the
13th century AD. The city is located ∼ 25km to the south of the Euphrates at
the confluence of various wadi systems that drain the surrounding undulating
desert steppe. The drinking water supply of the city relied predominantly on
an elaborated floodwater harvesting system. The major research question in
Resafa was how reliable this floodwater harvesting system was. The reliability
is assessed by applying a rainfall runoff model. Moreover constructional
details of the floodwater harvesting system are investigated by applying a
hydraulic model. The main findings of this study were that the floodwater
harvesting system was reliable. In general the floodwater harvesting system
could have harvested a sufficient amount of water at least every 13 – 14
months. Furthermore, it could be shown that the floodwater harvesting system
consisted in addition to a previously excavated dam and large cisterns, of a
several hundred meter long embankment system that channeled the floods to the
dam. Ancient Petra was the capital of the Nabataean kingdom and was founded
around the beginning of the Common Era in the arid Eastern Highlands of
Jordan. The city was annexed by the Romans at the beginning of the 2nd century
and finally abandoned in the 4th century AD when. The unfavorable environs of
Petra were reclaimed by installing numerous agricultural terraces, dams and
channels. Little is known about the chronology, development and dynamics of
this cultural landscape. The main research questions include: When did the
reclamation of the environs around Petra began and what where the effects of
this development on the environment? The chronological methods applied were
Optical Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Dating and radiocarbon dating. The
chronological study is supplemented with geomorphological field and laboratory
work. The focus lies on the terraced wadi systems of the region. The major
results are that the agricultural terraces were most likely built around the
beginning of the Common Era and used, maintained and extended at least until
the 8th century AD. The terraces converted the formerly gravel-bedded wadis
and floodplains of the region to arable land.
de
dc.description.abstract
Zwei antike Städte in den Trockengebieten West Asien werden hinsichtlich
verschiedener Aspekte ihrer Wasser- und Essensversorgungssysteme in dieser
Dissertation untersucht. Resafa wurde ursprünglich als einer von vielen
römischen Limesposten in der syrischen Wüstensteppe gegründet. Im 6.
Jahrhundert wurde Resafa ein christlicher Pilgerort und im 7. Jahrhundert von
dem Ummayaden Kalifen Hisham ibn ‘abd al-Malik als Residenz erwählt.
Heutzutage zeugen eine gut erhaltene Stadtmauer, verfallene Kirchen und
riesige Zisternen von der einstigen wirtschaftlichen, religiösen und
ökonomischen Bedeutung der Stadt. Die Stadt liegt ungefähr 30 km südlich des
Euphrats an dem Zusammenfluss verschiedener Wadiläufe. Die
Trinkwasserversorgung Resafas basierte hauptsächlich auf einem System das es
ermöglichte die regelmäßigen Fluten der Wadis abzuleiten und in großen
Zisternen zu speichern. Die Hauptforschungsfrage im Falle Resafa war wie
verlässlich dieses System funktionierte. Dieser Frage wurde durch die
Anwendung eines Niederschlags-Abfluss-Modells nachgegangen. Des Weiteren
wurden bautechnische Details dieses Wasserversorgungssystems mit Hilfe eines
hydraulischen Modells erforscht. Die Haupterkenntnisse dieser Studie sind,
dass das Versorgungssystem verlässlich funktioniert hat. Es konnte
normalerweise alle 13 – 14 Monate eine ausreichende Menge an Wasser gewonnen
werde. Des Weiteren konnte mit Hilfe der hydraulischen Simulation die
bautechnischen Kenntnisse über das Flutwassersystem erweitert werde. Neben
einem in vorherigen Studien ausgegrabenen Damm der über ein Kanalsystem mit
verschiedenen Zisternen verbunden war konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein mehrere
hundert Meter langes Deichsystem die Fluten zu diesem Damm geleitet hat.
Ferner dienten die Deiche höchstwahrscheinlich zum Hochwasserschutz. Das
antike Petra war die Hauptstadt des nabatäischen Königreiches. Sie wurde
ungefähr um die Zeitenwende in den trockenen östlichen Gebirgen Jordaniens
gegründet. Anfang des 2. Jh. n. Chr. wurde Petra von den Römern annektiert und
im 4. Jh. n. Chr. verlassen. Die Umgebung Petras wurde durch die Anwendung
eines ausgeklügelten Systems von landwirtschaftlicher Terrasse urbar gemacht.
Es ist wenig bekannt über die Chronologie der Kulturlandschaft die Petra
umgibt. Die Hauptfragen dieser Fallstudie waren: Wann begann der Bau
landwirtschaftlicher Terrassen und welchen Einfluss hatten diese auf den
natürlichen Landschaftshaushalt? Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen wurden neben
geomorphologische Feld- und Laboruntersuchungen, Optisch Stimulierte
Lumineszenz - und Radiokarbon - Datierungen vorgenommen. Die wichtigsten
Ergebnisse dieser Studie sind, dass die landwirtschaftlich Terrassen Anfang
des 1. Jh. n. Chr. gebaut wurden und bis in 8 Jh. n. Chr. genutzt, gepflegt
und ausgebaut wurden. Die Terrassen hatten ferner einen starken Einfluss auf
die Ablagerungsverhältnisse. In den untersuchten Sedimentprofilen der
landwirtschaftlichen Terrassen zeigt sich ein plötzlicher Wechsel von
Schotterablagerungen zu Sandablagerungen. Diese Wechsel fallen stratigraphisch
nahezu immer mit dem Bau von Terrassenmauern zusammen.
en
dc.rights.uri
http://www.fu-berlin.de/sites/refubium/rechtliches/Nutzungsbedingungen
dc.subject
floodwater harvesting
dc.subject.ddc
500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::550 Geowissenschaften, Geologie
dc.title
Ancient food and water supply in drylands
dc.contributor.firstReferee
Prof. Dr. Brigitta Schütt
dc.contributor.furtherReferee
Prof. Dr. Manfred Frechen
dc.date.accepted
2013-01-28
dc.identifier.urn
urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-fudissthesis000000096403-3
dc.title.subtitle
Geoarchaeological perspectives on the water harvesting systems of the two
ancient cities Resafa, Syria and Petra, Jordan
dc.title.translated
Antike Nahrungs- und Wasserversorgung in Trockengebieten
de
dc.title.translatedsubtitle
Die Wassersammelssysteme der beiden antikene Städte Resafa in Syrien und Petra
in Jordanien
de
refubium.affiliation
Geowissenschaften
de
refubium.mycore.fudocsId
FUDISS_thesis_000000096403
refubium.mycore.derivateId
FUDISS_derivate_000000015115
dcterms.accessRights.dnb
free
dcterms.accessRights.openaire
open access