We propose 18 new lectotype designations for names of Weinmannia, five of which are second-step typifications involving four inadvertent first-step lectotype designations, and 13 of them are designations of one single duplicate at the herbarium where deposited. José Cuatrecasas described all, but one, of the taxa from collections made in Colombia. We clarify the lectotypification for Weinmannia parvifoliolata Cuatrec. Finally, we propose one lectotype designation for W. cochensis described by Georg Hieronymus.

The overrepresentation of positive results in psychology is often attributed in part to publication bias. However, the impact of research group output on the prevalence of positive results has not yet been investigated. The present study examines whether German clinical psychology research groups with high versus low publication outputs differ in the prevalence of positive outcomes in their publications. Scientific productivity was defined as the ratio of quantitative-empirical publications to the number of academic staff per chair. We analyzed publications authored by clinical psychology researchers at German universities from 2013 to 2022, sourced from PubMed and OpenAlex. After excluding meta-analyses, reviews, and non-empirical studies, 2,280 empirical studies from 99 research groups were identified. We then randomly sampled and coded 300 papers, evenly split between the highest and lowest output quartiles, and examined the first hypothesis. There was no statistically significant difference between the highest and the lowest output quartiles, with both reporting approximately 90% positive results. Higher group paper counts were not associated with more positive results. Exploratory abstract-level analyses showed no significant differences in positive result rates between all four output quartiles. Our results suggest a general excess of positive results in clinical psychology. Contrary to our hypothesis, German clinical psychology research groups with high and low publication outputs do not differ in the prevalence of positive outcomes in their publications.

Protein palmitoylation is a lipid modification where a palmitoyl group is covalently attached via a thioester linkage to one or more cysteines on a substrate protein. This modification, catalyzed by a group of enzymes named DHHC enzymes after their conserved Asp-His-His-Cys motif, plays a significant role in regulating the localization, stability, and function of a wide range of cellular and viral proteins. By influencing how and where proteins interact within the cell, palmitoylation is essential for various cellular processes, including signaling pathways, membrane dynamics, and protein–protein interactions. Here, we describe the acyl-RAC assay, a biochemical technique designed to specifically enrich and analyze palmitoylated proteins from complex biological samples, such as cell lysates or tissue extracts. The assay begins by reducing and blocking free cysteine thiol groups on proteins, ensuring that only those thiols involved in thioester bonds with palmitates are accessible for downstream analysis. These thioester bonds are then cleaved to release the fatty acids from the cysteines, which are subsequently captured using thiopropyl Sepharose beads that bind to the newly exposed thiol groups. The captured proteins are eluted from the beads by breaking the bond between the thiol and the resin with reducing agents, and the proteins are then analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by western blotting to identify and quantify them. The acyl-RAC assay's specificity for S-palmitoylated proteins makes it an invaluable tool for exploring this modification. It not only allows for the identification of previously unknown palmitoylated proteins, thereby deepening our understanding of palmitoylation in cellular processes and viral infections, but it also enables quantitative comparisons of protein palmitoylation under different experimental conditions or treatments.

The identification of antiviral natural products as new lead structures has become a major task in medical science. Especially saponins have gained high interest for their antiviral activity. Antiviral effects of the saponin-containing plant Anagallis arvensis, widely used in traditional medicine, have been described, while mode of action or detailed phytochemical and functional investigations are still missing. A saponin enriched extract (AAS) from the aerial material of A. arvensis was characterized in detail by LC-HRMS, indicating the presence of a complex mixture of triterpene saponins and flavonoid glycosides. Plaque assays with Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) on Vero cells indicated strong inhibition of viral spread after infection of the host cells, resulting in reduced plaque size. The strongest effect was achieved by treating host cells post infection, which points towards an interference with the viral post-entry step. Using a specific HSV-1 fusion assay, AAS was shown to inhibit HSV-1 glycoprotein-mediated cell fusion at >2 μg/mL. Bioassay-guided fractionation of AAS yielded one active subfraction, which significantly reduced HSV-1 plaque size on Vero cells. The membrane-fusion inhibiting effect was correlated to the presence of desglucoanagalloside B 9. Interestingly, this compound was also detected in relevant amounts in herbal preparations from traditional medicine, which again could rationalize the use of A. arvensis as antiviral remedy in folk medicine. Relevant antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 was not detected.

How do national referendums shape political contestation? This article explores this question by examining the politicization of European integration, a key “cleavage issue” restructuring political conflict across Europe. While national referendums are often assumed to intensify public contestation over European integration, systematic comparative evidence remains limited. This study contributes to the debate by analyzing 87 public debates on European integration across six Western European countries (Austria, Britain, France, Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland), including 12 debates with national referendums. The analysis draws on the PolDem dataset (Hutter et al., 2016), updated to include the Brexit referendum. Through comprehensive across-debate and within-debate analyses, the findings show that referendums are associated with heightened politicization, particularly by expanding actor participation and increasing issue salience. Civil society and other non-executive actors gain visibility in referendum contexts, reinforcing the view that referendums level the political playing field. Although referendums increase framing diversity, they do not consistently lead to more polarized or identity-focused debates involving radical parties, challenging the notion that referendums inherently drive cultural conflict. This study advances our understanding of how direct democracy shapes European integration debates and calls for further comparative research on institutional factors and endogenous conflict dynamics to better grasp the varied impacts of referendums on politicization.

This book explores anthropological and global art collections as a catalyst, a medium, and an expression of relations. Relations—between and among objects and media, people, and material and immaterial contexts—define, configure, and potentially transform collection-related social and professional networks, discourses and practices, and increasingly museums and other collecting institutions themselves. The contributors argue that a focus on the—often contested—making and remaking of relations provides a unique conceptual entrypoint for understanding collections’—and ‘their’ objects’ and media’s—complex histories, contemporary webs of interactions, and potential futures. The chapters examine the local, translocal, and transregional relations of collections with regard to their affective, aesthetic, performative, and socio-moral qualities and situate them in the larger geopolitical constellations of precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial settings. Together they investigate ongoing shifts in the relations of collections and collecting institutions by identifying alternative approaches to conceive of, and deal with, anthropological and global art collections, objects, and media in the future. The book is of interest to scholars from anthropology, global art history, museum studies, and heritage studies.

Este artículo realiza una aproximación a la historia del tatuaje en Colombia en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Se analiza la racionalización de una serie de estigmas policiales y médico-legales en debates locales que caracterizaron al tatuaje como un elemento de diagnóstico del crimen y la enfermedad. Estas lecturas permitirán observar aspectos generales del proceso de apropiación del tatuaje como práctica artística incluyendo sus contextos sociales y visuales de producción, las características de tatuadores y tatuados y las técnicas de tatuado ejecutadas. Así, podrá evidenciarse al tatuaje dualmente como un insumo de las estrategias de vigilancia y como una expresión de los grupos subalternos y criminalizados de principios de siglo.

Friction is a phenomenon that manifests across all spatial and temporal scales, from the molecular to the macroscopic scale. It describes the dissipation of energy from the motion of particles or abstract reaction coordinates and arises in the transition from a detailed molecular-level description to a simplified, coarse-grained model. It has long been understood that time-dependent (non-Markovian) friction effects are critical for describing the dynamics of many systems, but that they are notoriously difficult to evaluate for complex physical, chemical, and biological systems. In recent years, the development of advanced numerical friction extraction techniques and methods to simulate the generalized Langevin equation has enabled exploration of the role of time-dependent friction across all scales. We discuss recent applications of these friction extraction techniques and the growing understanding of the role of friction in complex equilibrium and nonequilibrium dynamic many-body systems.

Recent technological advancements in CT have improved the ability to scan standing sedated horses. However, the impact of radiation exposure on veterinary staff while scanning the extremities of standing horses using this technique, compared with digital radiography (DR), remains unknown. This study compares the radiation exposure of imaging technicians assisting with multidetector CT (MDCT) and DR of the distal thoracic limb and tarsus in standing horses. Personal dose equivalent was measured on four body locations: thyroid gland, gonads, hand, and feet. Images of the distal thoracic limb (n = 12) and tarsus (n = 12) were obtained from 24 Warmblood horses using DR and MDCT. The DR included four views of the front fetlock (dorsopalmar, lateromedial, dorso45lateral-palmaromedial oblique, and dorso45medial-palmarolateral oblique), three views of the front foot (dorsopalmar, lateromedial and dorso65proximal-palmarodistal oblique) and four views of the tarsus (dorsoplantar, lateromedial, dorso45lateral-plantaromedial oblique and dorso45medial-planterolateral oblique). The MDCT scans included the distal metacarpus to the foot and the tarsus. Noninferiority testing showed lower radiation exposure to the imaging technician during MDCT of the distal thoracic limb and tarsus compared with DR, measured at the thyroid gland, hand, and feet. The radiation exposure to the gonads during MDCT of the thoracic limb was significantly higher than with DR. Nevertheless, the lower cumulative radiation exposure for the assisting imaging technician during MDCT compared with DR suggests that the tested MDCT setup enables advanced imaging of the distal limb in standing sedated horses, offering both reduced radiation exposure and avoiding the patient-related risks of general anesthesia.

Anthropogenic activities impose multiple concurrent pressures on soils globally, but responses of soil microbes to multiple global change factors are poorly understood. Here, we apply 10 treatments (warming, drought, nitrogen deposition, salinity, heavy metal, microplastics, antibiotics, fungicides, herbicides and insecticides) individually and in combinations of 8 factors to soil samples, and monitor their bacterial and viral composition by metagenomic analysis. We recover 742 mostly unknown bacterial and 1865 viral Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs), and leverage them to describe microbial populations under different treatment conditions. The application of multiple factors selects for prokaryotic and viral communities different from any individual factor, favouring the proliferation of potentially pathogenic mycobacteria and novel phages, which apparently play a role in shaping prokaryote communities. We also build a 25 M gene catalog to show that multiple factors select for metabolically diverse, sessile and non-biofilm-forming bacteria with a high load of antibiotic resistance genes. Finally, we show that novel genes are relevant for understanding microbial response to global change. Our study indicates that multiple factors impose selective pressures on soil prokaryotes and viruses not observed at the individual factor level, and emphasizes the need of studying the effect of concurrent global change treatments.

Anthelmintic resistance (AR) in cattle gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) is an increasing global concern, with low to moderate levels recently documented in Central Europe. This study reports on resistance against both macrocyclic lactones (MLs) and benzimidazoles (BZs) in northern Germany, highlighting that AR is spreading. The fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) remains the primary tool for AR assessment, yet differing methodologies and recent guideline updates complicate resistance interpretation across studies. Statistical methods, such as Bayesian approaches used by eggCounts and bayescount, yield varying confidence intervals, further influencing results. Notably, the nemabiome analysis identified Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora as predominant species in the region, though unexpected diversity among farms with additional GIN species occurring sometimes even at high frequency, suggests morphological analysis of coprocultures may underestimate species prevalence. Detecting AR against both drug classes on some farms underscores the urgency of implementing sustainable strategies, such as targeted selective treatment and combinations of anthelmintics with different mode of action, to prevent scenarios of multi-drug resistance observed elsewhere. Effective resistance management requires immediate discussions with veterinarians and stakeholders to steer toward informed, preventive measures in cattle farming.

Barrier-crossing processes in nature are often non-Markovian and typically occur over an asymmetric double-well free-energy landscape. However, most theories and numerical studies on barrier-crossing rates assume symmetric free-energy profiles. Here, we use a one-dimensional generalized Langevin equation (GLE) to investigate non-Markovian reaction kinetics in asymmetric double-well potentials. We derive a general formula, confirmed by extensive simulations, that accurately predicts mean first-passage times from well to barrier top in an asymmetric double-well potential with arbitrary memory time and reaction coordinate mass. We extend our formalism to non-equilibrium non-Markovian systems, confirming its broad applicability to equilibrium and non-equilibrium systems in biology, chemistry, and physics.

Background

Individuals with a borderline personality disorder (BPD) show impairments in their ability to mentalize. Particularly in the parent-child relationship, mentalizing is an important foundation for sensitive parenting and the quality of interactive behavior. Previous studies of parental mentalizing in mothers with BPD are scarce and have focused primarily on one aspect of the multidimensional construct. In addition, there is currently no research comparing different mental disorders on different aspects of parental mentalizing, leaving disorder-specific differences unclear. Aim of this study is to examine disorder-specific differences in reflective functioning and mind-mindedness, two facets of parental mentalizing.

Methods

We compared mothers with BPD (n = 156) with a clinical control group of mothers with depressive or anxiety disorders (n = 65) and with healthy mothers (n = 91) using non-parametric inference for multivariate data. Mothers completed the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ) and participated in a five-minute speech sample (FMSS) in which they reflected on their child and their relationship with their child. Verbal transcripts of the FMSS were rated using an adapted manual for coding mind-mindedness with the FMSS that incorporates the assessment of additional characteristics of mind-related speech.

Results

Mothers with BPD showed the highest impairments in parental mentalizing compared to both other groups, as evident in both operationalizations: They made more maladaptive attributions (PRFQ pre-mentalizing) than the other two groups and reported lower interest and curiosity and certainty in mental states than healthy mothers. In addition, mothers with BPD used more mental attributes with negative valence when asked to describe their child and the relationship compared to both other groups and more self-related mental attributes compared to healthy mothers. Additionally, Pearson correlational analyses revealed that only the use of mental attributes with negative valence was associated with all three subscales of the PRFQ in the anticipated directions. This supports the idea that the two operationalizations target different facets of parental mentalization.

Conclusions

Our findings revealed impaired parental mentalization in several domains for mothers with BPD. Disorder-specific differences were observed in the amount of maladaptive attributions and in the negativity of mental state references. These aspects should be considered in diagnostic and therapeutic processes when working with mothers with BPD. As a limitation, it should be noted that the group comparisons did not control for sociodemographic variables, which may have contributed to some of the observed group differences.

Background

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes infections in both human and veterinary medicine, presenting significant challenges in treatment because of biofilm production and its intrinsic resistance. This problem is exacerbated by the increase in acquired antimicrobial resistance. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy has emerged as a promising alternative for treating infection classically treated with antibiotics, offering a targeted approach to combat this infection. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of 7 phages, focusing on their suitability for treating canine infections, as well as their purification and safety analysis for therapeutic use.

Results

Two self-isolated phages and five provided phages were analysed. All tested phages reduced bacterial load in vitro; however, their efficacy varied across different concentrations. The host range analysis revealed a spectrum between 9.8 and 68.6% of canine clinical P. aeruginosa isolates. In our in vitro tests 3 out of 7 phages were able to significantly reduce the biofilm biomass, achieving reductions up to 93.38%. The sequence analysis did not discover known virulence factors and genes connected to antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. The self-isolated phages were classified as lysogenic, whereas the other phages had a lytic infection cycle. Through the purification of the phages, high-titre phage preparations (> 1011 PFU/ml) were generated with high stability for at least 1.5 years. The tested endotoxin units are below the regulatory limits.

Conclusion

Investigating phages as alternative treatment option seems promising with lytic phages covering a broad host range and a genomic potential for biofilm degradation. These findings support the development of phage cocktails as a targeted alternative for treating canine P. aeruginosa infections, particularly in cases of antibiotic resistance, and highlight the importance of selecting well-characterized lytic phages for therapeutic efficacy and safety.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a crucial role in soil ecosystems by enhancing nutrient exchange, stabilizing soil structure, and improving water movement in soils. Microplastics (MPs), synthetic polymers smaller than five mm, pose an emerging threat to AMF by altering soil structure and chemistry, potentially disrupting these essential functions. This study examined how ten different microplastic types and shapes influenced AMF communities within the context of Grime’s C-S-R (competitor-stress tolerator-ruderal) framework. We tested the effects of polypropylene, polyester, high-density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, low-density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene on three distinct soils (Albic Luvisol, Haplic Chernozem, and Haplic Luvisol), examining MPs in forms of fibers, films, fragments, and mixtures, in a total of 15 treatments. Although general diversity indices based on the OTU level showed no significant changes, shifts occurred at the genus level. The soils were predominantly colonized by Funneliformis and an unidentified genus in Glomeraceae (incertae sedis); however, the addition of MPs increased the relative abundance of Diversispora and Claroideoglomus, while also subtly promoting Rhizophagus and Septoglomus. In particular, Claroideoglomus showed a notable increase in relative abundance in the most diverse Haplic Chernozem soil when exposed to fragment-shaped MPs and mixed MP types. According to Grime’s C-S-R framework, these genera are classified as ruderals, except for Diversispora, a stress tolerator. Ruderals are known to thrive following disturbances, such as physical disruption of soil structure, a known effect of MPs, while MPs can also create stress conditions within the soil selecting stress tolerators. Our findings highlight the complex and soil-specific interactions between MPs and AMF, demonstrating that the effects of MPs on AMF are driven by the combined influence of soil types and MP properties.

In his “Reform Texts”, Urukagina of Lagash reports that during the time of his predecessors the people of Lagash had suffered from excessive taxes and encroachments by officials, that the ruling family had appropriated the assets of the temple households and claims to have abolished these conditions. While earlier research took Urukagina’s claims at face value, more recent research denied their actual implementation and regarded the “Reform Texts” as mere propaganda. This article discusses the question of the actual implementation of Urukagina’s acts in light of contemporary archival records. Using the example of the maškim official, it demonstrates that the archival records confirm Urukagina’s claim to have removed this official and provides the first proof that a measure was implemented. It thus opens a promising and hitherto neglected venue for future research.

This article addresses Lutheran baptismal sermons related to African slaves and Ottoman captives in the Holy Roman Empire of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It investigates how the “worlds” of the converts were presented, and how these sermons functioned as vehicles to bring “global” information to confessionalized Christians at home. I will discuss which information on non-Christian religions and lands appears in these sermons, where the pastors’ knowledge came from, what purpose and perhaps strategy they followed when they educated their listeners and readers about foreign worlds, and which information may have been – perhaps deliberately – excluded. The article attempts to add a new perspective to discussions on the global missionary outreach of Early Modern Protestantism, taking baptismal sermons as one possible entry point. It also hints at connections with a broader history of inter-religious dialogue and toleration.

Ptolemaic and Roman Oxyrhynchus is relatively well-documented through the Greek papyri from the site, while there are far fewer texts written in Egyptian from the same locality, which can offer additional perspectives. This paper takes a small step towards addressing this issue by presenting an edition and study of three Oxyrhynchite Demotic documents related to two marriages from the late 1st century BC. Two papyri detail the first marriage, and the third text records the second one. Unique among Demotic materials published so far is the fact that one of the deeds is a ‘dowry document’ (sẖ-n-grg.t), providing new insights into the economic arrangements of Egyptian matrimony. The documents also contribute to our understanding of the relationship between military ranks, ethnicity, and onomastics at the time. The men bear Greek names and are, at least in one case, part of the catoecic cavalry at Oxyrhynchus, but still chose to enter the agreement through an Egyptian document. It is argued that while it is possible that the contracting parties may have been Hellenised Egyptians, it cannot be excluded that they were descendants of earlier Greek settlers who both spoke Egyptian and conducted their business in the native language.

It has become standard practice to describe systems that remain far from equilibrium even in their steady state by Langevin equations with colored noise which is chosen independently from the friction contribution. Since these Langevin equations are typically not derived from first-principle Hamiltonian dynamics, it is not clear whether they correspond to physically realizable scenarios. By exact Mori projection in phase space we derive the nonequilibrium generalized Langevin equation (GLE) for an arbitrary phase-space dependent observable 𝐴 from a generic many-body Hamiltonian with a time-dependent external force ℎ⁡(𝑡) acting on the same observable 𝐴. This is the same Hamiltonian from which the standard fluctuation-dissipation theorem is derived, which reflects the generality of our approach. The observable 𝐴 could, for example, be the position of an atom, of a molecule or of a macroscopic object, the distance between two such entities or a more complex phase-space function such as the reaction coordinate of a chemical reaction or of the folding of a protein. The Hamiltonian could, for example, describe a fluid, a solid, a viscoelastic medium, or even a turbulent inhomogeneous environment. The GLE, which is a closed-form equation of motion for the observable 𝐴, is obtained in explicit form to all orders in ℎ⁡(𝑡) and without restrictions on the type of many-body Hamiltonian or the observable 𝐴. If the dynamics of the observable 𝐴 corresponds to a Gaussian process, the resultant GLE has a similar form as the equilibrium Mori GLE, and in particular the friction memory kernel is given by the two-point autocorrelation function of the sum of the complementary and the external force ℎ⁡(𝑡). This is a nontrivial and useful result, as many observables that characterize nonequilibrium systems display Gaussian statistics. For non-Gaussian nonequilibrium observables correction terms appear in the GLE and in the relation between the force autocorrelation and the friction memory kernel, which are explicitly given in terms of cubic correlation functions of 𝐴. Interpreting the external force ℎ⁡(𝑡) as a stochastic process, we derive nonequilibrium corrections to the fluctuation-dissipation theorem and present methods to extract all GLE parameters from experimental or simulation time-series data, thus making our nonequilibrium GLE a practical tool to study and model general nonequilibrium systems.

We study the spatiotemporal dynamics of ultrafast electron spin transport across nanometer-thick copper layers using ultrabroadband terahertz emission spectroscopy. Our analysis of temporal delays, broadening, and attenuation of the spin-current pulse reveals ballisticlike propagation of the pulse peak, approaching the Fermi velocity, and diffusive features including a significant velocity dispersion. A comparison to the frequency-dependent Fick’s law identifies the diffusion-dominated transport regime for distances >2  nm. These findings lay the groundwork for designing future broadband spintronic devices.