dc.contributor.author
Doka Yamigno, Serge
dc.date.accessioned
2018-06-07T16:18:24Z
dc.date.available
2007-10-01T00:00:00.649Z
dc.identifier.uri
https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/2348
dc.identifier.uri
http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-6549
dc.description
Title
Zusammenfassung
Table of contents
Introduction 1
1\. Fundamental of CuGaSe2 5
1.1 Relevance of chalcopyrite thin films for solar cells 5
1.2 Structural properties of CuGaSe2 6
1.3 Electrical and optical properties of CuGaSe2 based devices 12
2\. Review of experimental methods 16
2.1 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy (PL) 16
2.2 Electron Spin resonance 20
2.3 XRD 22
2.4 ERDA 23
2.5 SNMS 23
3\. Deposition technology: Chemical closed- space vapor transport CCSVT 24
3.1 Chemical closed- space vapor transport (CCSVT) 24
3.2 Influence of the growth conditions on the CuGaSe2 film properties 31
3.3 Concluding remarks 35
4\. Optical and Structural properties of CCSVT- grown CuGaSe2 thin films 36
4.1 Absorption coefficient and optical band gap 36
4.2 Microstructural analysis 39
4.3 Elemental depth profiles in CuGaSe2 thin films 42
4.4 Concluding remarks 44
5\. Photoluminescence of as- prepared and intentionally Ge- implanted CuGaSe2
45
5.1 Ge- implantation and annealing process of CuGaSe2 46
5.2 Depth profiling of Ge in CuGaSe2 by SNMS 48
5.3 Photoluminescence of CCSVT as prepared CuGaSe2 thin films 49
5.4 Effects of Ge- Implantation on the Photoluminescence of CuGaSe2 thin
films 58
5.5 Concluding remarks 67
6\. Electron spin resonance of as- grown and Ge- implanted CuGaSe2 thin films
69
6.1 Experimental details 69
6.2 Paramagnetic centers in as- grown and Ge- implanted CuGaSe2 thin films
69
6.3 Curie Paramagnetism of Ge- implanted CuGaSe2 thin films 72
6.4 Determination of spin concentration 74
6.5 Concluding remarks 75
7\. Summary and Outlook 77
7.1 Summary 77
7.2 Suggestions for future investigations 78
Appendix 79
Bibliography 86
Publications 93
Acknowledgements
dc.description.abstract
A novel chemical closed- space vapor transport (CCSVT) technique has been
developed for the growth of single phase CuGaSe2 thin films using two growth
stages. The Ga2Se3 employed as source material was stoichiometrically
volatilized at 550°C by a controlled amount of HCl/H2 agent at a fixed
pressure. Cu precursors deposited on clean or Mo- coated soda lime glass (SLG)
substrates were thermally and chemically treated under gaseous GaClx/H2Se
atmosphere in the CCSVT cell. Cu deposited on the SLG substrate reacts with
the volatilized gas phase compounds of Ga2Se3 and CuGaSe2 films were prepared
with a growth rate of 230 - 240 nm/min by using a single stage process. After
the first growth stage the major hurdle encountered is that no correlation
between CuGaSe2 films properties (thickness and composition) could be realized
because of their non- reproducibility for the same growth parameters. In order
to overcome this hurdle, an additional second stage process was applied with a
growth rate spanning 10 to 60 nm/min, for the fine tuning of the CuGaSe2
composition and electronic properties. Therefore, a film property- growth
parameters relationship was found. \- Single phase polycrystalline thin films
of CuGaSe2 in the compositional range of 1.0 ≤ [Ga]/[Cu] ≤ 1.3, corresponding
to a thickness ranging from 1.6 μm to 1.9 μm deposited onto plain or Mo-
coated soda lime glass (SLG) were prepared and found to be polycrystalline
with a strongly preferred <221> orientation. A combination of microstructural
investigations of the films by TEM, EDX within the TEM and ERDA measurements
has shown that CuGaSe2 thin films possess high crystalline bulk quality with
Cu, Ga and Se homogeneously distributed within the CuGaSe2 bulk. One of the
main result of this present work was found to be the accumulation of Ga in the
region of the CuGaSe2/Mo interface and the dependence of the CuGaSe2 surface
composition on the integral [Ga]/[Cu] ratio in the film, namely Ga- and Cu-
poor, Se- rich surface for stoichiometric films; and Cu- poor, and Ga- and Se-
rich surface for increasing [Ga]/[Cu] ratios. These observations were also
supported by optical measurements carried out through photoluminescence and
absorption measurements. \- In order to gain a better understanding of the
influence of the extrinsic doping of the CuGaSe2 films and why many attempts
towards the type inversion in the p- type CuGaSe2 compounds by varying the
composition or by doping with extrinsic defects have failed, ion implantation
was used to introduce Ge into CuGaSe2. Photoluminescence of the Ge containing
films has evidenced the presence of new defects such as donor levels in the
band gap. Electron spin resonance measurements of the Ge- containing CuGaSe2
films has highlighted an additional ESR resonance observed at g = 2.003
ascribed to donors. However, Curie paramagnetism up to room temperature for
all the Ge implanted films, characteristic of localized states has been
observed for this resonance. This was an indication that donor electrons are
electrically inactive even at room temperature because the ESR signal at g =
2.003 is observed without change of the ESR line shape in the whole
temperature range investigated. An explanation was that these donor electrons
either remain bound to donors or they are trapped by a deep defect. \- It can
be summarized in the present thesis that high quality CuGaSe2 films with good
and reproducible growth parameters - film properties can be achieved using the
CCSVT process. Extrinsic doping of CCSVT- grown CuGaSe2 films with Ge via ion
implantation has given rise to new defects (ESR and PL). Interestingly, we can
cite the new donor levels that are not electrical active within the band gap
of the implanted films. For the first time, the electrically inactivity of the
donors found in CuGaSe2 films after Ge implantation were highlighted and can
explain the difficulties encountered to dope CuGaSe2 compounds.
de
dc.description.abstract
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Herstellung des halbleitenden
CuGaSe2 Chalkopyrit Dünnschichten mittels CCSVT (Chemical closed- space vapor
transport) Verfahren bei der Vervendung von einer Ga2Se3- Quelle und einem
HCl/ H2 Transport-Trägergasgemisch, mit sehr hohen Depostionsraten (d
»1μm/min), und letztlich bei niedrigen Substrattemperaturen (Tsubstrate «
520°C). Danach wurde die Untersuchung der undotierte CuGaSe₂
Schichteigenschaften und die Untersuchung der Ge dotierten CuGaSe2
Schichteigenschaften durchgeführt. \- Der erste Schwerpunkt dieser
Doktorarbeit ist die Abscheidung von hochwertigen CuGaSe2- Dünnschichten.
Hierbei wurde untersucht die Reproduzierbarkeit der geeigneten CCSVT
Prozessparameter, die hohe CuGaSe2 Kristallqualität erreichen können. Als
Hauptaufgabe wurde eine Korrelation zwischen den CCSVT- Prozessparametern und
den strukturellen und morphologischen Eigenschaften des CuGaSe2 erarbeitet. Es
wurde gezeigt, dass ein zwei Stufenprozess erforderlich ist, um die
Reproduzierbarkeit der Korrelation mit der Eigenschaften des CuGaSe2 zu
erreichen. \- Der zweite Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist eine umfassende Studie
von der CCSVT CuGaSe₂ Schichteigenschaften über eine Kombination von optischen
Eigenschaften mittels Transmission, Reflexion und Photolumineszenz
Spektroskopie und strukturellen Eigenschaften mittels XRD, EDX, TEM und ERDA
Messungen. Es wurde gezeigt dass, Ga sich an der Rückseite von CCSVT CuGaSe2
Dünnschichten anhäuft. \- In dem letzten Teil wurde die Ge Dotierung des
CuGaSe2 Dünnschichten mittels Ion Implantation und die Untersuchung dieser
dotierte CuGaSe2- Dünnschichten mittels Photolumineszenz und Elektron Spin
Resonanz durchgeführt. Hierbei wurde insbesondere der Einfluss des Ge-
Fremdelements auf die Eigenschaften des CuGaSe2 Dünnschichten untersucht. Mit
Hilfe von Temperatur- und Anregungsleistungsabhängigen Photolumineszenz
Experimenten, wurde neue Defekte in der Bandlücke der Ge dotierten
Dünnschichten identifiziert. Interessantweise, ist der tiefe Donator Niveau
mit Ionizierungsenergie E = 360±10 meV. In Tieftemperatur ESR Untersuchungen
von Ge dotierten CuGaSe2 Dünnschichten wurde eine Resonanz (g = 2.003)
beobachtet, die einen für Donator typischen g- Wert hat und die sich mit der
Temperaturerhöhung nicht verändert (Curie Verhalten)
de
dc.rights.uri
http://www.fu-berlin.de/sites/refubium/rechtliches/Nutzungsbedingungen
dc.subject
Ge- ion implantation
dc.subject.ddc
500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::530 Physik::530 Physik
dc.title
Characterization of as-grown and Ge - ion implanted CuGaSe2 thin films
prepared by the CCSVT technique
dc.contributor.firstReferee
Prof. Dr. M.Ch. Lux-Steiner
dc.contributor.furtherReferee
Prof. W.D. Brewer PhD
dc.date.accepted
2006-10-30
dc.date.embargoEnd
2007-10-02
dc.identifier.urn
urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-fudissthesis000000003161-4
dc.title.translated
Charakterisierung von undotierten und Ge- implantierten CuGaSe2 Dünnschichten
hergestellt mit CCSVT- Verfahren
de
refubium.affiliation
Physik
de
refubium.mycore.fudocsId
FUDISS_thesis_000000003161
refubium.mycore.transfer
http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2007/657/
refubium.mycore.derivateId
FUDISS_derivate_000000003161
dcterms.accessRights.dnb
free
dcterms.accessRights.openaire
open access