dc.contributor.author
Thomas, Esther
dc.date.accessioned
2018-06-07T14:44:44Z
dc.date.available
2014-12-05T14:45:15.955Z
dc.identifier.uri
https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/353
dc.identifier.uri
http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-4557
dc.description
Table of Content Long Abstract/Summary 3 List of Figures 9 List of Tables 10
Acronyms 11 Acknowledgments 12 PART 1: INTRODUCTION, THEORY AND METHODS 13
CHAPTER I — INTRODUCTION 13 A. Statement of problem/research question 13 B.
Relevance (gaps in the literature) 14 C. Argument (contribution to the
literature) 16 D. Research design and Methods 17 E. Outline 19 CHAPTER II —
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 21 A. Sustainability for MNCs
in ALS: transition from adoption to implementation (Conceptual framework) 21
1\. Definition: sustainability and SES 21 2\. Typology: key components and
ideal-types 24 3\. Implementation of SES: adoption, outputs, and outcomes 28
a) SES as adopted by HQ 29 b) Implementation outputs of SES by mining
companies 29 c) Implementation outcomes of SES by mining companies 30 B.
Explanations/Drivers of sustainability adoption and implementation 30 1\.
Drivers of adoption: international and home country 31 a) Reputation concerns
32 (1) Commitments to voluntary standards 32 (2) Size and market position 33
b) Peer and sectorial pressures 34 c) Home country 35 d) Naming & shaming 37
2\. Drivers of outcomes: host country 37 a) Regulations 38 (1) Mining
regulations and dependency 38 (2) Tools and structures 39 b) Enforcement and
accountability 40 c) Conclusion on main drivers identified in the literature
41 3\. Drivers of local outcomes: Internal Company outputs 42 a) Corporate
culture 42 b) Corporate Design 45 c) Learning processes 47 4\. Drivers of
local outcomes: local governance 48 a) Local Risk of conflict 49 (1) History
of violence and stereotypes 50 (2) ASM tradition 51 (3) History of community-
company conflict 52 b) Local co-management capacity 53 (1) Formal Vertical
connectedness / Top-down involvement 55 (2) Informal Community Cohesion 55 (3)
(in)Formal cross-scale security harmonization 56 5\. Conclusion literature
review 57 6\. Analytical framework 57 CHAPTER III — RESEARCH DESIGN AND
METHODS 62 A. Research design and selection of case studies 63 a) Host Country
64 b) Gold mining 65 c) Companies and sites 66 (1) African Barrick Gold (ABG)
67 (2) AngloGold Ashanti (AGA) 67 (3) NordGold (NG) 68 d) Community-company
context 69 (1) Tanzania 69 (2) Guinea 70 B. Methods 70 a) Field Research:
Sample and Interviews 71 (1) Sampling 71 (2) Interviews 72 b) Triangulation 73
c) Coding 74 d) About operationalization: weighing indicators 74 PART 2:
ADOPTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SES BY MNCS 75 CHAPTER IV — VARIATION OF
SUSTAINABILITY IN SES (DV) 75 A. Adoption of Social Sustainability at
Headquarters level 75 1\. Adoption by Barrick and African Barrick Gold (ABG)
77 2\. Adoption by AGA and its Tanzanian and Guinean sites 78 3\. Adoption by
Selverstal and NordGold 79 B. Conclusions on Adoption of Social Sustainability
79 C. Implementation of Sustainability in conflict management strategies at
Operational Level 80 1\. Implementation by NordGold’s Société minière de
Dinguiraye in Guinea (SMD) 83 (1) Inclusiveness 83 (2) Multilateralism 84 (3)
Long-term perspective 86 (4) SMD SES sustainability over time 87 2\.
Implementation by AGA’s Societe Aurifère de Guinée in Guinea (SAG) 87 (1)
Inclusiveness 88 (2) Multilateralism 90 (3) Long-term perspective 92 (4) SAG
SES sustainability over time 94 3\. Implementation by AGA’s Geita Gold Mine in
Tanzania (GGM) 94 (1) Inclusiveness 94 (2) Multilateralism 96 (3) Long-term
perspective 97 (4) GGM SES variation over time 98 4\. Implementation by ABG’s
Buzwagi, Site in Tanzania (BUZ) 98 (1) Inclusiveness 98 (2) Multilateralism
100 (3) Long-term perspective 101 (4) SES Sustainability overtime 102 5\.
Implementation by ABG’s North-Mara Gold Mine in Tanzania (NMGM) 103 (1)
Inclusiveness 103 (2) Multilateralism 104 (3) Long-term perspective 105 (4)
SES sustainability over time 106 D. Conclusion and Comparative Summary of
Adoption and Implementation in SES sustainability 107 PART 3: DRIVERS 110
CHAPTER V — COMPANY INTERNATIONAL DRIVERS 110 A. International Drivers
Operationalization 110 B. International drivers versus HQ adoption: case
Studies 112 1\. AngloGold Ashanti’s International drivers 112 2\. African
Barrick Gold’s International drivers 114 3\. NordGold’s International Drivers
116 C. Comparative summary and conclusions: Adoption versus implementation 117
CHAPTER VI — HOST COUNTRY DRIVERS 118 A. Regulation and Enforcement in the
mining sector: Operationalization of Host country Drivers 119 1\. Regulations,
tools and structures for Social sustainability 119 2\. State and Non-State
Enforcement and Accountability Mechanisms 119 B. Tanzania’s drivers of
sustainability in the mining sector 120 1\. Regulations for sustainability 121
2\. Enforcement and accountability 123 3\. Conclusion Tanzania 126 C. Guinea’s
drivers of sustainability in the mining sector 127 1\. Regulations for
sustainability 127 2\. Enforcement and accountability 131 3\. Conclusion
Guinea 135 D. Comparative summary and conclusions 136 CHAPTER VII — LOCAL
GOVERNANCE DRIVERS 137 A. Operationalization of Local Governance Drivers:
Risks and Co-management Capacity 138 1\. Local risk of community-company
conflict 139 2\. Co-management capacity of local actors. 141 B. Local
governance drivers: Case studies 143 1\. ABG Buzwagi and AGA GGM in Sukuma
dominated area (Shinyanga) 143 a) GGM&BUZ; Local risk of community-company
conflict 144 (1) History of violence and perceptions 144 (2) ASM risk 145 (3)
History of Community-company Conflict 145 (4) GGM & BUZ Risk Conclusion 147 b)
BUZ & GGM Co-management capacity local actors - 148 (1) Vertical connectedness
148 (a) BUZ 148 (b) GGM 150 (2) Informal Community Cohesion 151 (a) BUZ 151
(b) GGM 151 (3) Security harmonization 152 (a) BUZ 152 (b) GGM 152 c) BUZ &
GGM Co-management conclusion 153 d) Table summary of BUZ and GGM local
governance drivers 153 2\. ABG NMGM in Kurya dominated area (North-Mara) 154
a) Local risk of community-company conflict TARIME, NORTH-MARA 154 (1) History
of violence 154 (2) ASM risk 155 (3) History of community-company conflict 155
(4) Risk conclusion NMGM 156 b) Co-management capacity local actors Tarime,
North-Mara 156 (1) Vertical connectedness 157 (2) Informal community cohesion
158 (3) Security harmonization 158 (4) Co-management Conclusion NMGM 159 c)
Table summary of NMGM local governance drivers 159 3\. AGA (SAG) and NordGold
(SMD) in Malinke dominated area (Haute-Guinee) 159 (1) Us versus them: Malinké
of Siguiri versus MNCs 160 (2) Cross-scale security harmonization 161 a) SAG:
Local risk of community-company conflict 163 (1) History of violence 163 (2)
ASM tradition 164 (3) Community-company conflict 165 (a) Accountability
strategies by local communities 165 (b) Company’s response 167 (4) Conclusion
risk SAG 167 b) SMD: Local Risk 168 (1) History of violence 168 (2) ASM
tradition 168 (3) Community-company conflict 169 (a) Accountability strategies
by local communities 169 (b) Company response 170 (4) Conclusion risk SMD 171
c) SAG: Co-management capacity local actors 171 (1) Vertical connectedness 171
(2) Informal Cohesion 173 (3) Conclusion co-managemnt SAG 174 d) SMD: Co-
management capacity local actors 175 (1) Vertical connectedness 175 (2)
Cohesion 175 (3) Conclusion SMD co-management 176 e) Table summary of SAG and
SMD local governance drivers 176 C. Comparative summary and conclusions: Local
Governance Drivers do not explain variation in outcomes 176 CHAPTER VIII —
COMPANY INTERNAL DRIVERS 178 A. Corporate culture Operationalization 180 1\.
HQ-OP alignment (enhanced values) 181 2\. MD Leadership: dedication and
recognition of CR 181 3\. CR leadership: dedication and self-perception 181
4\. CR integration in OP (articulation of values) 182 B. Corporate Design
Operationalization 183 1\. HQ-OP alignment on SES (enabling structures) 183
2\. MD Management leadership style for SES 183 3\. CR Leadership design:
autonomy and capacity 184 4\. CR structural integration in OP 184 C. Learning
Mechanism Operationalization 185 D. Internal company drivers: Case studies 186
1\. Internal drivers in NordGold, SMD, Guinea 186 a) Corporate Culture: SMD
187 b) Corporate Design: SMD 190 c) Learning: SMD 192 d) Internal drivers
summary for SMD 193 2\. AGA’s HQ leadership: discourses and design (GGM and
SAG) 194 a) AGA discourses on SES 194 b) AGA design for SES 195 c) AGA
learning from OP 195 3\. Internal company Drivers in AGA’s SAG in Guinea 196
a) Corporate Culture: SAG 196 b) Corporate Design: SAG 198 c) Learning: SAG
201 d) Conclusion on SAG Internal drivers 202 4\. Internal company Drivers in
AGA’s GGM in Tanzania 203 a) Corporate Culture: GGM 203 b) Corporate Design:
GGM 205 c) Learning: GGM 207 d) Conclusions on GGM internal drivers 207 5\.
ABG’s HQ leadership: discourse and design (Buz and NMGM) 208 a) ABG discourse
on SES 208 b) ABG design for SES 209 6\. Internal company Drivers in ABG’s
Buzwagi mine in Tanzania 210 a) Corporate Culture: BUZ 210 b) Corporate design
BUZ 211 c) Learning: BUZ 213 d) Conclusion Buzwagi Internal drivers 214 7\.
Internal company Drivers in ABG’s North-Mara Gold Mine in Tanzania 214 a)
Corporate Culture: NMGM 214 b) Corporate Design: NMGM 216 c) Learning: NMGM
218 d) Conclusion NMGM internal drivers 219 E. Comparative summary and
conclusions: no explanation 219 CHAPTER IX — CONCLUSIONS OF PART 3 221 A.
Synthesis part 3 221 B. Limits of external drivers as an explanation for
variation of implementation at operational levels 224 C. Limits of Company
drivers (internal and international) and National drivers (Host country and
Local) in Explaining Variation of SES Sustainability 225 D. General findings
227 PART 4: WHAT EXPLAINS THE VARIATION IN IMPLEMENTATION OUTCOMES OF SOCIALLY
SUSTAINABLE CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AT OPERATIONAL LEVELS 228 CHAPTER X
— EXPLANATIONS OF FINDINGS 230 A. The influence of Internal company drivers
and local governance drivers on The sustainability of conflict management
strategies at operational levels 232 a) NMGM before 2011: failure to implement
SES 233 b) BUZ 2012-2013: higher SES sustainability 234 c) SAG and NMGM in
2012-2013: same drivers, different effects? 236 1\. NordGold, SMD, Guinea 238
a) SMD before 2011 versus NMGM before 2011: CR capacity and the mitigating
role of communitiy co-management capacities when risk is high 238 b) SMD
2011-2012: increased inclusiveness because of a more favorable corporate
culture? 240 c) SMD 2012-2013: Does weak leadership lead to diminished
sustainability in stakeholder engagement strategy? 241 d) Conclusions,
findings, and suggestions SMD 242 2\. AGA, SAG, Guinea 243 a) SAG before 2011
versus Buzwagi 2012-2013: key features of corporate culture and the role of
history of violence when co-management capacities are high 243 b) SAG
2011-2012: co-management capacity’s enhancing effect and the importance of
company’s response to confrontations 245 c) SAG 2012-2013: interdependence of
design and culture, the role of CR autonomy and capacity, and of comprehensive
response to community confrontations 247 3\. AGA, GGM, Tanzania 249 a) GGM
before 2011: harsh company response to confrontations can downsize the effect
of favorable internal company drivers 249 b) GGM 2011-2012: harsh company
response hinders good internal if co-management is characterized by low
community cohesion 250 c) GGM 2012-2013: Hierarchical power of CR compensates
weak MD leadership but company’s response to conflict hindering sustainability
success even with high co-management capacities. 251 4\. African Barrick Gold,
Buzwagi, Tanzania 252 a) BUZ Before 2011: low internal drivers tend to hinder
co-management capacities’ enhancing effects 252 b) BUZ 2011-2012: Corporate
culture’s influence is greater than that of corporate design especially when
leadership for implementation of sustainability is stronger. 253 5\. African
Barrick Gold, North-Mara Gold Mine, Tanzania 254 a) NMGM 2011-2012: MD’s
dedication combined with CR capacity and autonomy compensates unfavorable
local governance drivers? 254 b) NMGM 2012-2013: low md and cr dedication
despite some capacity with low community cohesion (even with improved mnc
response and more asm alternatives) cannot lead to sustainable outcomes 255 B.
Conclusions of Findings 257 1\. Internal company drivers’ effect on
sustainability implementation and the Decisive role of leadership 257 2\.
Mitigating Effect of Local Governance Drivers 259 PART 5: CONCLUSION,
DISCUSSION AND OUTLOOK 262 CHAPTER XI — CONCLUSIONS 262 A. Sustainable
conflict management by MNCs: how to succeed in implementation (empirical
findings and theoretical discussion) 263 B. Generalization 267 C. Why does it
matter in the real world? (Policy/practice implications) 268 a)
Recommendations to host government 268 b) Recommendations to mining sector
practitioners 268 D. Recommendations for future research and outlook 269 (1)
To what extent can sustainable SES influence the resolution of community-
company conflicts? 270 (2) How transnational networks of discourse influence
local demands 270 (3) When can incremental change of company practices lead to
fundamental Changes? 271 (4) Outlook 271 SOURCES 272 LIST OF INTERVIEWS 286
Guinea 2011-2013 286 Tanzania 2011-2013 292 APPENDIX 299 Short Summary of
findings 299 Kurze Zusammenfassung 300 Curriculum Vitae 301
dc.description.abstract
In light of the diffusion of the sustainability paradigm into the Corporate
Social Responsibility (CSR) approaches of the mining sector, stakeholder
engagement strategies (SES) are now perceived as a sustainable way to manage
company-community relationships. Mining companies use SES to address tensions
and disagreements between themselves and the communities affected by their
operations. When do mining MNCs who have adopted socially sustainable
stakeholder engagement strategies (SES) succeed in implementing them to manage
community-company conflict in areas of limited statehood (ALS)? To answer this
question, we use a combination of anthropological field research and
comparative methods to study five mining sites (and neighboring communities)
of three multinational mining companies in two African countries. Our aim is
to explore the explanatory power of drivers found in the literature from the
international to the local level. In Guinea and Tanzania, the multinational
companies we study started with exclusive, strategically philanthropic, and ad
hoc ways of addressing the demands of neighboring communities in order to
avoid direct confrontation and potential threats. In the last decade, at the
headquarters level, these companies adopted discourses recognizing the overall
importance of social sustainability and the effectiveness of SES to manage
conflict. At the operational level, why are particular companies at particular
times more successful than others in implementing sustainable SES? Our study
starts by exploring each company’s reputation concerns, home country context,
and commitment to international standards. We then consider the host
countries’ regulation and enforcement capacities. Internal company measures
that are taken in order to enact company strategies at operational levels
might also be relevant to explain outcomes. Also, how do local governance
drivers, such as the risk of company-community conflict and the capacity of
local stakeholders to co-manage implemented strategies, play out in the
companies’ social sustainability practices? We find that none of the commonly
accepted drivers taken separately explains the variation in SES implementation
outcomes. Through a multidisciplinary approach, we conclude that It is only
when internal company drivers are favorable, especially when leadership on SES
is strong, that companies reach sustainable outcomes. However, companies meet
mitigated success if the communities where they operate are not willing or
capable to collaborate in managing conflicts. In other words, communities that
are socialized into trusting one another and working together towards common
goals create a favorable context for sustainability approaches, especially if
companies do not use harsh responses to community confrontations. The
influence of these internal drivers on SES outcomes is thus tempered by local
governance characteristics. MNCs succeed in implementing sustainable
community-company conflict management strategies when they successfully
integrate SES strategies by recruiting agents dedicated to communities and by
giving them enough resources, autonomy, and power to act
de
dc.description.abstract
Das Nachhaltigkeitsparadigma findet zunehmend Eingang in die Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR)-Ansätze im Bergbausektor. Stakeholder-Engagement-
Strategien (SES) werden nun als nachhaltige Art und Weise zur Gestaltung der
Beziehung zwischen Unternehmen und der lokalen Bevölkerung aufgefasst.
Bergbau-Unternehmen bedienen sich diesen Strategien um Spannungen und
Unstimmigkeiten zwischen ihnen und den betroffenen Gemeinden zu benennen.
Unter welchen Bedingungen implementieren multinationale Bergbau-Unternehmen,
die auf sozial nachhaltige SES zurückgreifen, diese erfolgreich im Rahmen des
Konfliktmanagements zwischen Unternehmen und lokalen Gemeinschaften in Räumen
begrenzter Staatlichkeit? Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage greift die Studie auf
eine Kombination aus anthropologischer Feldforschung und vergleichenden
Methoden zur Untersuchung von fünf Bergbaustandorten (und ihren angrenzenden
Gemeinden) dreier multinationaler Bergbau-Unternehmen in zwei afrikanischen
Staaten zurück. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Aussagekraft von
Einflussfaktoren aus der Literatur auf internationaler bis lokaler Ebene zu
erforschen. In Guinea und Tansania gingen die untersuchten Unternehmen
zunächst exklusiv, strategisch philanthropisch und ad hoc auf die Forderungen
der angrenzenden Gemeinden ein, um direkte Konfrontationen und eventuelle
Drohungen zu vermeiden. Die Führungsebenen der Unternehmen haben im letzten
Jahrzehnt die Relevanz sozialer Nachhaltigkeit und die Effizienz von SES zum
Konflikt-Management anerkannt. Warum aber sind bestimmte Unternehmen bei der
Anwendung nachhaltiger SES zu bestimmten Zeiten erfolgreicher als andere? Zu
Beginn der Studie werden die Reputationsrisiken der Unternehmen, ihr
nationaler Herkunftskontext und ihre Bindung an internationale Standards
untersucht. Anschließend werden die Regulierungen der Gastländer und ihre
Durchsetzungskraft mit in die Analyse einbezogen. Ebenso relevant zur
Interpretation der Resultate erscheinen interne Maßnahmen, die der Umsetzung
der Unternehmensstrategie dienen. Wie tragen zudem Einflussfaktoren lokaler
Governance-Strukturen, wie die Kapazität lokaler Akteure eingeführte
Strategien zu co-managen, zur Einführung der sozialen Nachhaltigkeitspraktiken
der Unternehmen vor Ort bei? Wie stark beeinflussen sie beispielsweise das
Risiko, dass zwischen Unternehmen und der lokalen Bevölkerung Konflikte
entstehen? Die Studie zeigt, dass keiner der Faktoren, die gewöhnlich zur
Deutung herangezogen werden, für sich betrachtet, die Ergebnisvarianz bei der
Umsetzung von SES erklären. Die Anwendung eines multidisziplinären Ansatzes
führt zur Erkenntnis, dass Unternehmen ausschließlich unter günstigen internen
Bedingungen, insbesondere im Falle einer starken Führung der SES, nachhaltige
Ergebnisse erzielen. Der Erfolg wird jedoch begrenzt, wenn die Bevölkerung in
Nähe der Bergbaustandorte nicht gewillt oder fähig ist, beim
Konfliktmanagement zu kooperieren. Mit anderen Worten: Vertrauen sich die
Anwohner und arbeiten sie zusammen auf gemeinsame Ziele hin, begünstigen sie
den Erfolg nachhaltiger Strategien, insbesondere wenn Unternehmen nicht scharf
auf Konflikte innerhalb der Bevölkerung in Nähe der Bergbaustandorte
reagieren. Der Einfluss der unternehmensinternen Ergebnisfaktoren wird also
durch die Eigenschaften der lokalen Governance abgeschwächt. Multinationale
Unternehmen sind bei der Einführung nachhaltiger Konfliktmanagementstrategien
dann erfolgreich, wenn es ihnen gelingt Mittlerpersonen einzustellen, die für
die Bevölkerung in der Nähe der Bergbaustandorte eintreten, und wenn sie ihr
genügend Ressourcen, Autonomie und Handlungsmacht geben.
de
dc.rights.uri
http://www.fu-berlin.de/sites/refubium/rechtliches/Nutzungsbedingungen
dc.subject
sustainability
dc.subject
multinational mining companies
dc.subject
Sub-Saharan Africa
dc.subject
Areas of Limited Statehood
dc.subject.ddc
300 Sozialwissenschaften
dc.subject.ddc
300 Sozialwissenschaften::330 Wirtschaft::330 Wirtschaft
dc.title
Sustainable Conflict Management by Multinational Mining Companies in Areas of
Limited Statehood
dc.contributor.contact
esther.f.thomas@gmail.com
dc.contributor.firstReferee
Tanja A. Boerzel
dc.contributor.furtherReferee
Clifford Shearing
dc.date.accepted
2014-12-04
dc.identifier.urn
urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-fudissthesis000000098035-8
dc.title.subtitle
The role of company internal drivers and local governance in implementation of
sustainable stakeholder engagement strategies
dc.title.translated
Nachhaltiges Konfliktmanagement multinationaler Bergbau Unternehmen in Räumen
begrenzter Staatlichkeit
de
dc.title.translatedsubtitle
Die Rolle interner Einflussfaktoren von Unternehmen und lokaler Governance bei
der Einführung nachhaltiger Stakeholder-Engagement-Strategien
de
refubium.affiliation
Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften
de
refubium.mycore.fudocsId
FUDISS_thesis_000000098035
refubium.mycore.derivateId
FUDISS_derivate_000000016178
dcterms.accessRights.dnb
free
dcterms.accessRights.openaire
open access