The issue includes articles related to the section of ecology — autecology that address different areas of environmental physiology and biochemistry of aquatic animals, studying the dependence of the functioning of aquatic animal organism on the conditions of their environment, and revealing the physiological and biochemical basis of adaptation of organism to natural and anthropogenic factors. The articles deal with the organization of plasma protein complexes, ecological plasticity of hematological parameters, patterns of digestion under normal conditions and at mercury bioaccumulation, biochemical mechanisms of regulation thermo selective and feeding behavior, temperature optima and the upper temperature of life boundaries, oxygen regime of skeletal muscle under conditions of experimental hypothermia, physiological mechanisms of water homeostasis regulation at adapting to environmental factors, the formation of water-salt composition of bone, seasonal dynamics and properties of cholinesterase in freshwater and marine aquatic organisms.The book is intended for ecologists, hydrobiologists, physiologists, biochemists, specialists in the field of wildlife management and preservation of natural resources, students of biological and environmental departments.