Die durch europäische Migrationspolitik hervorgerufene Illegalisierung von Migration hat erhebliche Auswirkungen auf betroffene Migrant*innen in europäischen Städten. Trotz dem kontanten Versuch, illegalisierte Menschen abzuschieben, leben allein in Spanien schätzungsweise 500.000 Menschen ohne gültige Arbeits- und Aufenthaltserlaubnis. Diese Studie fokussiert sich auf die Stadt Barcelona, die sich als Refugee City deklariert. Untersucht werden die Aushandlungen von Grenzregimen auf städtischer Ebene, die zwischen dem nationalen Migrationsregime, der Kommunalpolitik und Migrant*innen selbst stattfinden. Sin Papeles in Barcelona haben Formen des Widerstands gegen die Illegalisierung geschaffen und sich als politische Akteur*innen positioniert.

Der Anspruch der vorliegenden Masterarbeit ist es, eine kritische Perspektive auf Unterstützungsarbeiten für Flüchtende im Transit in Bihać (Bosnien und Herzegowina), durch vorwiegend weiße Freiwillige aus mitteleuropäischen Ländern zu entwickeln. Um diese zu bilden, wird die Arbeit in die Theorien zu white saviorism und Solidarität eingebettet. Der Fokus liegt auf kleinen, inoffiziellen Gruppen in Bihać, die ihre Versuche Menschen im Transit zu unterstützen mit Solidarität zu diesen begründen. Die Autorin vermutet die Freiwilligen in einem Spannungsfeld zwischen Versuchen solidarischen Handelns auf der einen Seite und paternalisierenden und rassistischen Verhaltensweisen auf der anderen Seite, durch welche weiße Privilegien reproduziert und Machtasymmetrien verstärkt werden. Anhand einer konkreten Fallstudie wird auf das Zusammenspiel vielseitiger Motivation, Überzeugungen und Werte der Freiwilligen eingegangen und zudem nach dem Stellenwert gefragt, welcher die Reflexion der eigenen Privilegien für die Freiwilligen einnimmt. Mit der Methode des problemzentrierten Interviews werden die unterschiedlichen Perspektiven von sechszehn Personen bezüglich ihrer Motivationen für die Arbeit und Reflexionen des Verhaltens vor Ort erkundet und unter Hinzuziehung des white savior complex nach eurozentrischen, diskriminierenden und paternalisierenden Verhaltensweisen unter dem Deckmantel der altruistischen Freiwilligenarbeit gefragt.

Three years after the devastating earthquake in Pakistan-administered Kashmir most relief and development programmes have gradually cut down their activities to help local communities recuperate from the disaster. In the immediate aftermath of the October 8th, 2005 earthquake a number of national and international relief organisations engaged in activities to support local communities. These activities have only rarely been evaluated to determine whether they had a mid-range or longer-lasting impact on the livelihoods of the affected people. The report presented here is the result of an impact assessment of a livestock project implemented in the earthquake affected areas by the German Red Cross (GRC) in collaboration with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). This assessment was a joint effort of the relief and development activities executed by GRC/ ICRC, and academia from the Centre for Development Studies in the Institute of Geographic Sciences at Freie Universität Berlin. The participatory evaluation involved experienced staff from the Red Cross and representatives of village communities from the four Union Councils in Muzaffarabad District that were severely affected by the earthquake. Both acted as valuable knowledge resources, interpreters and mediators in focus group discussions and expert interviews that were conducted during the three weeks of fieldwork between March 18 and April 2, 2009. The learning experience during the mission changed the perspectives and insights of eight master and diploma students and their supervisors from the Centre of Development Studies at Freie Universität Berlin. The prime objective of this joint programme was to evaluate the impact of a livestock package that intended to augment the livelihoods and provide a resource base for families affected by the earthquake, going beyond sheer disaster relief efforts and moving towards more sustainable development. The second objective was to identify achievements and short-comings of the livestock package in order to identify lessons-learned for future economic and social programmes in the context of post-disaster interventions. The results presented in this report are encouraging and differentiated. For all participants it was a learning experience. This included the major challenge of determining how to evaluate the impact of a single package on the overall development of households and rural communities. The complex system of household economies and the variable sets of income sources, activities directed towards domestic sustenance and market production posed an intellectual challenge for the design of concepts and methods. In our approach we tried to understand and address these complexities by identifying different scenarios at the household level. From the aggregation of data it became obvious that certain households were better prepared to adopt and utilize offers such as the livestock package than others. The identification of eligible households with potential for success can be regarded as one of the great challenges of the programme. A second - sometimes rather neglected aspect - is the careful selection of suitable breeds of animals and the logistical burden of making the link between providers and receivers of improved livestock. Overall this evaluation found the GRC/ICRC project to have been planned and implemented with a high degree of understanding and consideration for the earthquake victims. I would like to thank Dr. Erhard Bauer form the German Red Cross for conceiving the idea of this evaluation mission and for the generous support of the evaluation team. I would also like to thank Marc Souvignier who acted as the link between Berlin and Islamabad. In Pakistan we enjoyed the challenges posed to us by Esther Lopez from the EcoSec department of the ICRC. In Muzaffarabad Jean-Jerome Casabianca proved to be a considerate and protective head of the mission and his team created a conducive environment for our task. II Without our interpreters and section experts who accompanied the team to the field and were valuable resource persons for a multitude of questions, none of our students could have conducted the necessary focus group discussions and interviews that led to the results presented in this report. Therefore, I also express my sincere gratitude to Imran Mehmood Banday (EcoSec Secretary), Arif Ayub Qureshi (MEI Team Leader), Mamoon Riaz Mughal, Fouzia Rafiq, Amer Rasheed Malik, Mohsan Nazir (MEI Field Officers), Sayed Ali Haider Bukhari, Rubina Shaheen Awan, and Muhammad Asif (former ICRC Field Officers). From the Berlin group I thank all participants of this course for their motivation and diligence in preparing the field visit, executing the empirical impact study, processing and analyzing the data and compiling of the report. The exercise would not have been feasible without the enthusiasm and unceasing motivation of Dr. Stefan Schuette who helped to incorporate this joint programme into the Master Studies Programme at the Centre for Development Studies at the Freie Universität Berlin. Finally I would like to express my gratitude to all institutions, named and unidentified supporters who contributed to the success of this enterprise that helped to bridge the gap between academia and practice, between relief and development, and contributed to a better understanding of the challenges people in Pakistan face in post-disaster and everyday circumstances.

This paper is based on the author’s Diploma thesis handed in at the Centre for Development Studies (ZELF) of the Freie Universität Berlin. There are many people to whom I would like to extend my thanks for their support, assistance, and contributions to it. Above all, I am greatly indebted to all my interview partners in Gilgit-Baltistan, as well as to the whole team of the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP), Pakistan, for their openness, cooperativeness, and great hospitality during my stay in northern Pakistan. This study would have not been possible without the collaboration with AKRSP. To the following members of AKRSP I would like to specifically express my gratitude for supporting me in multiple ways: Sher Khan, Ahman Ali Shah, Saima Shakoor, Manzoor Hussain and Hinan Aziz from the Community Physical Infrastructure section; Muzaffar Uddin, Regional Programme Manager, and Izhar Hunzai, General Manager; Ghulam Amin Baig and Muhammad Ibrahim, Policy Dialogue and Partnership section; Yasmin Qalandar, Naeema and Shahana, Gender And Development section; Zaib, Aftab and Kosar, Institutional Development section; Nazia, Monitoring & Evaluation section; and Amjad Wali, Entreprise Development section. Special thank-yous further go to Sher Ghazi from MIES (Mountain Infrastructure and Engineering Services), as well as Nazir Abbas and Murad Shah, both working for the gems centre of Sumayar. The successful completion of the field studies would have been unthinkable without the great collaboration with my translators Ali Nazir Abidy and Mohammad Baqir. I am also particularly grateful to the families of Abdul Karim from Bargo Bala, Mansoor Karim from Ahmedabad, and, again, Mohammad Baqir from Sumayar, for providing board and logding. They made me feel at home in their houses and made each of the visits to the case study villages very special and unforgettable. A very special thanks furthermore goes to Prof. Dr. Hermann Kreutzmann, Director of the Centre for Development Studies (ZELF), Freie Universität Berlin, for getting the research internship with AKRSP into gear and encouraging and supporting me during the whole process of writing the thesis. I also want to thank Prof. Dr. Dörte Segebart, Junior Professor at the Institute of Geographical Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, very much for her very valuable and detailed advice, especially in the beginning of the research. A thank-you goes to the Geographical Society of Berlin (GfE), which supported my research financially. For supporting and advising me during the writing process in Germany, I finally express my gratitude to Andreas Benz, Christoph Hinske, René Herlitz, Holle Wlokas and Imogen Minton, as well as all others who discussed my results with me and offered their constructive criticism. And last but not least I would like to thank my parents for their irreplaceable support during all my years of study.

The report presented here draws the attention to one of the least-studied regions of Pakistan and to three districts in Sindh Province. The report covers eight villages in Sindh's Badin, Dadu, and Thatta districts. The selection of villages is strongly linked to the initiators and sponsors of this independent research project. The German Red Cross (GRC) and the Pakistan Red Crescent Society (PRCS) suggested to the Centre for Development Studies at Freie Universität Berlin to cooperate again - after a successful joint evaluation of development packages in Kashmir in 2009 (see volume 36 of this series) - in an assessment in Sindh Province. This time, the terms for the assessment followed a different rationale in involving the independent academic supporters. With relief operations coming to an end in Sindh, a strategy and a vision needed to be designed for enhanced development cooperation. The dire needs of the flood affectees in the villages should be the guiding principle for the implementation of development packages. Their experiences and voices are the most important source of knowledge that has to be combined with feasible packages and practical moves. A major challenge is to define packages that are efficient in uplifting the living conditions, that reach the most vulnerable groups and that will have some lasting effects.