dc.contributor.author
Boekle-Giuffrida, Bettina
dc.date.accessioned
2018-06-08T01:35:02Z
dc.date.available
2013-08-19T13:03:59.384Z
dc.identifier.uri
https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/13568
dc.identifier.uri
http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-17766
dc.description
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IN ENGLISH 10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IN GERMAN 14
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 18 1\. INTRODUCTION 19 1.1 Main Argument and Relevance of
Dissertation 19 1.2 Existing Research Gaps and Contribution of this
Dissertation 26 1.3 Chosen Country, Case Studies and Methodology 30 1.4
Presentation of Thesis Structure 32 2\. THEORETICAL ORIENTATION 35 2.1 The
Role of Institutions in General 35 2.2 The Study of Federalism 41 2.1.1
Riker’s Federalism and the Need to Look Beyond 41 2.1.2 Associating Federalism
with the Discourse of Decentralization 44 2.1.3 Assumed Continuum and
Dichotomies in Federalism 46 2.1.4 Federalism as a System of Political and
Bargaining Relations 48 2.1.5 Interim Summary and Policy Implications 53 2.2
Actors, Networks and Clientelism in Federalism 54 2.2.1 The Relationship
Between Institutions and Actors 54 2.2.2 Networks and Social Capital Theory 56
2.2.3 Networks and Clientelism 60 2.3 Informal Institutions, Social Practices
and Networks 62 2.4 Accountability and Institutionally Envisioned Policy
Outcomes 64 2.5 The Politics of Federalism and Education Policy: Groups of
Actors 67 2.5.1 Federal, State and Municipal Bureaucracies 68 2.5.2 Parties 69
2.5.3 Civil Society Groups: Influence from Teachers' unions (and Parents) 72
2.6 Chapter Summary: Advocating for a Three-level Reading of Federalism 74 3\.
METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 78 3.1 Most Comparative Case Study Design 78 3.2
Stages of Comparison 81 3.3 Reasoning for Selected Cases (Ceará and
Pernambuco) 81 3.3.1 Socioeconomic Criteria 81 3.3.2 Education Criteria:
Quality 82 3.4 Reasoning for Chosen Time Frame 84 3.5 The Combination of
Quantitative and Qualitative Data 86 3.6 Collection of Material 87 3.6.1
Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection 87 3.6.2 Sequence and Timing of
Three Field Stages 88 3.6.3 Interview Guides and Their Use 89 3.7 Analysis of
Material from Semi-Structured Expert Interviews 90 3.7.1 Analysis After
Interviews 91 3.7.2 Analysis After Transcription According to Principles of
Grounded Theory 91 4\. BRAZILIAN EDUCATION QUALITY AND POWER RELATIONS IN A
FEDERAL SYSTEM 94 4.1 Past and Current Challenges of Brazil’s Primary
Education 95 4.1.1 A History of Unequal Distribution of Education 95 4.1.2
Progress Starting in the Mid-1990s 99 4.2 Legal Milestones and Implications:
Constitution, National Education Law and FUNDEF 101 4.2.1 Political and
Administrative Decentralization 101 4.2.2 Fiscal Decentralization 103 4.3
Interim Summary 108 4.4 Education Finances Today 110 4.5 Beyond Constitutional
Transfers 112 4.5.1 Budget Amendments and Voluntary Transfers 112 4.5.2
Voluntary Transfers 113 4.6 Institutional and Political Factors of Federalism
Determining Education Quality 113 4.7 Implications of and Alternatives to the
Current Federal Arrangement 116 4.8 Central Actors and Their Interactions in
the Primary Education System 120 4.8.1 Influence from the Federal Level 120
4.8.2 Influences from the State Level 126 4.8.3 Municipal Governments 129
4.8.4 Education Councils 132 4.8.5 Interactions with Nongovernmental and
Private Sector-led Initiatives 134 4.8.6 Teachers' unions 136 4.9 Chapter
Summary 138 5\. POLICY AND POLITICS OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN CEARÁ 142 5.1
Fiscal Income and Education Spending at State and Municipal Levels 143 5.2
Constitutional Education Funds: FUNDEF and Salário Educação 144 5.3 Beyond
Constitutional Funds 146 5.3.1 Volunteer Transfers 146 5.3.2 Budget Amendments
147 5.4 Institutional Policies to Benefit the Quality of Primary Education 148
5.4.1 Coverage and Quality 148 5.4.2 The Long-lasting Impact of Jereissati’s
Mudança (Change) Government in 1987 151 5.4.3 Ceará’s Education Sector Under
Jereissati II: 1995–2002 153 5.4.4 Education Policy After 2002: Coping with
the Post-Decentralization Reforms 155 5.5 Interim Summary 159 5.6 Political
Networks in Ceará’s Education Sector 160 5.6.1 Political Competition and Party
Networks with National Party Level 160 5.6.2 Networks and Interactions with
Teachers' Unions 162 5.7 Polity-Enabling Policy Outcomes 165 5.7.1
Accountability During Policy Implementation 165 5.7.2
Information,Ttransparency and Availability of Statistics 169 5.8 Chapter
Summary 170 6\. POLICY AND POLITICS OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN PERNAMBUCO 174 6.1
Fiscal Income and Education Spending at the State and Municipal Levels 174 6.2
Constitutional Education Funds: FUNDEF and Salário Educação 176 6.3 Beyond
Constitutional Funds 177 6.3.1 Volunteer Transfers 177 6.3.2 Budget Amendments
178 6.4 Institutional Policies to Benefit the Quality of Primary Education 180
6.4.1 Coverage and Quality 180 6.4.2 Miguel Arraes’ Democratic Start 182 6.4.3
Pernambuco’s Education Sector Under Arraes II, 1995–1998 185 6.4.4 Education
Policy After 1998: Discontinuities and Coping with Post-Decentralization
Reforms 187 6.5 Interim Summary 193 6.6 Political Networks in Pernambuco’s
Education Sector 194 6.6.1 Political Competition and Party Networks with
National Party Level 194 6.6.2 Networks and Interactions with Teachers' Unions
195 6.7 Polity-Constraining Policy Outcomes 199 6.7.1 Accountability During
Policy Implementation 199 6.7.2 Information, Transparency, and Availability of
Statistics 205 6.8 Chapter Summary 206 7\. CONCLUSION: THEORETICAL AND POLICY
IMPLICATIONS 209 7.1 Presentation of Empirical Findings from Cases in
Comparison 210 7.1.1 Education Quality in Ceará and Pernambuco 210 7.1.2
Formal and Informal EducationTtransfers in Ceará and Pernambuco 211 7.1.3
Difference in Institutional State Policies in Ceará and Pernambuco 213 7.1.4
Political Competition, Party Networks and Networks with Teachers' Unions 215
7.1.5 A Three-level Reading of Federalism in Ceará and Pernambuco 217 7.2
Relevance of Empirical Results for Theoretical Discussion 218 7.2.1 Relevance
for the Debate on Federalism as a Polity and Politics Framework 218 7.3 Policy
Implications 220 BIBLIOGRAPHY 221 ANNEX 1: LIST OF INTERVIEWEES DURING THREE
DIFFERENT FIELD STAGES 235 ANNEX 2: INTERVIEW GUIDELINES OF SEMISTRUCTURED
INTERVIEWS 241 ANNEX 3: SELECTED HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS FOR BRAZILIAN
REGIONS 250 ANNEX 4.1: FISCAL FINANCES OF CEARÁ AND PERNAMBUCO 251 Annex 4.2:
Formal Education Transfers in Ceará and Pernambuco 252 ANNEX 5: POLITICAL
AFFILIATIONS CEARÁ, PERNAMBUCO, AND FEDERAL LEVEL 255 ANNEX 6: EXECUTED BUDGET
AMENDMENTS IN THE EDUCATION SECTOR IN CEARÁ AND PERNAMBUCO, 1998–2010 257
ANNEX 6: CURRICULUM VITAE BETTINA BIRKLE-GIUFFRIDA 299
dc.description.abstract
Many studies about federalism entirely focus on federalism as a polity,
considering it as a static system of institutional rules and normative
settings. William Rieker, the founding father of federalism, even thought in
1969 that “Federalism is at most an intervening and relatively unimportant
variable”. Yet, it is without doubt that the institutional set-up of
federalism plays an important role for the outcome of a policy. The common
vision about federalism as an institutional set-up considers federalism seldom
as a dynamic system of political relationships and networks. A focus on the
political process leading to policy outcomes in federalism, as well as how the
political interactions or politics are intertwined with federal institutions,
will provide a much more comprehensive explanation about how policy outcomes
are achieved. This is precisely what this dissertation is about. The main
argument is that federalism needs a much more political reading to understand
the policy outcomes it generates; federalism is much more than an
institutional arrangement or a polity. Using the empirical case of Brazil and
its northeastern states Ceará and Pernambuco for two, most-similar case
studies in primary education, it is assumed that the way in which federal
institutions form education policy and quality is greatly determined by
political relations and networks of various actors conditioned by this federal
framework. Presupposing an intertwining (and not separation in) of polity and
politics-factors in federalism, the main hypothesis of this dissertation
assumes that different quality outcomes in primary education (as measured by
students’ performance) exist even in similar states in Brazil because the
country’s federal framework does not exclude that political relationships have
constraining or enabling effects on institutions. The dissertation
investigates in seven chapters why and how different education quality is
delivered in both cases, comparing how educational initiatives of both states
in the time-frame 1995-2010 strengthened or weekend Brazil’s “collaborative”
federal framework in education policy. The studied cases of the federal states
of Ceará and Pernambuco show how each one responds to the challenges of a
federal framework that is not sufficient to provide education quality in a
universal way as proclaimed by the Brazilian Constitution. Depending on the
specific context, the framework gives too much leeway to political actors
(hereby including not only politicians and civil society organizations, but
also employees of the public administration and state and municipal
governments as such), opening many spaces for formal, informal and other types
of behaviors lying in between. Both empirical cases reveal a different
composition of political and institutional factors that explain educational
outcomes and how these came about. At the same time, they reveal how closely
intertwined institutional and political factors are, and that these can often
not be thought independently from each other, contrary to what much research
on federalism proposes.
de
dc.description.abstract
Viele Föderalismusstudien definieren Föderalismus als Polity, und eher als ein
statisches System institutioneller Regeln und normativer Einstellungen.
William Rieker, der Gründungsvater der Föderalismustheorie, dachte sogar im
Jahr 1969, dass “Föderalismus höchstens eine intervenierende, und relativ
unwichtige Variable” sei. Jedoch ist es zweifelsohne, dass die institutionelle
Struktur des Föderalismus eine wichtige Rolle für Politikergebnisse spielt.
Diese gängige wissenschaftliche Meinung über Föderalismus als institutionelle
Struktur (polity) verdeckt den Blick auf Föderalismus als ein dynamisches
System der politischen Beziehungen und Netzwerke (politics). Den Blick aber
auf den politischen Prozess zu richten, und zu untersuchen, was genau zu
Politikergebnissen in föderalen Systemen führt, und wie politische
Wechselwirkungen von Politics mit den Institutionen des Föderalismus
verflochten sind, wird zu einer viel umfassenderen Erklärung darüber führen,
wie Politikergebnisse zustande kommen. Das ist das Thema dieser Dissertation.
Ihr Hauptargument ist, dass Föderalismus eine viel politischere Lesart
braucht, um Politikergebnisse innerhalb eines föderalen Systems zu verstehen;
Föderalismus ist viel mehr als ein institutionelles Arrangement oder eine
Polity. Anhand des empirischen Falles Brasiliens und seiner nordöstlichen
Bundesstaaten Ceará und Pernambuco wird mit einer most-similar Fallstudie
argumentiert, dass die Art und Weise, wie föderale Institutionen
Bildungspolitik- und qualität hervor bringen, stark von politischen
Beziehungen und Netzwerken verschiedener Akteure abhängt. In dem vorausgesetzt
wird, dass eine Verflechtung (und nicht Trennung in) von Politics- und Polity-
Faktoren im Föderalismus stattfindet, ist folgende die zentrale Hypothese
dieser Dissertation: Unterschiedliche Qualität von Bildungsergebnissen im
Primarschulbereich (gemessen anhand von Schülerleistungen) innerhalb
Brasiliens kommt auch unter ähnlichen Voraussetzungen vor, weil es die
föderale Bundesrahmengesetzgebung nicht ausschlieβt, dass politische
Beziehungen eine einschränkende oder stärkende Wirkung auf Institutionen
haben. Die Dissertation untersucht in sieben Kapitel, warum und wie
unterschiedliche Bildungsqualität in beiden Fällen entsteht, und inwieweit die
Bildungsinitiativen beider Bundesstaaten im Zeitraum von 1995 bis 2010 das
“kollaborative Regime” der brasilianischen Rahmengesetzgebung im
Bildungsbereich stärkt oder schwächt. Die untersuchten Fälle der Bundesländer
Ceará und Pernambuco zeigen, wie jedes einzelne Bundesland mit den
Herausforderungen der unzureichenden brasilianischen Rahmengesetzgebung
umgeht, um dem universalen Bildungsanspruch der brasilianischen Verfassung
gerecht zu werden. Je nach dem spezifischen Kontext räumt der brasilianische
Rechtsrahmen politischen Akteure zu viel Spielraum ein (dies betrifft nicht
nur Politiker und zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen, sondern auch
Mitarbeiter der öffentlichen Verwaltung auf bundessstaatlicher und kommunaler
Ebene). Er lässt auch zu viel Spielraum für formale, informelle und andere
Arten von Verhaltensweisen Beide empirischen Fälle zeigen eine
unterschiedliche Zusammensetzung der politischen und institutionellen Faktoren
auf, und wie diese Bildungsqualität beeinflussen. Gleichzeitig zeigen beide
Fälle auch, wie eng verflochten und voneinder nicht unabhängig institutionelle
und politische Faktoren sind - entgegen gesetzt gängiger theoretischer
Annahmen der Föderalismusforschung.
de
dc.rights.uri
http://www.fu-berlin.de/sites/refubium/rechtliches/Nutzungsbedingungen
dc.subject
subnational politics
dc.subject
education quality
dc.subject
politics, education policy
dc.subject.ddc
300 Sozialwissenschaften::320 Politikwissenschaft
dc.title
Brazilian Federalism as Polity, Politics and Beyond
dc.contributor.contact
bettinab@iadb.org
dc.contributor.firstReferee
Prof. Dr. Marianne Braig
dc.contributor.furtherReferee
Prof. Dr. Lucio Remuzat Rennó Junior
dc.date.accepted
2012-10-08
dc.identifier.urn
urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-fudissthesis000000094797-9
dc.title.subtitle
Examining Primary Education with Case Studies in Ceará and Pernambuco
dc.title.translated
Brasilianischer Föderalismus als Politics, Polity und darüber hinaus
de
dc.title.translatedsubtitle
Die Untersuchung von Grundschulpolitik anhand der Fallstudien Ceará and
Pernambuco
en
refubium.affiliation
Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften
de
refubium.mycore.fudocsId
FUDISS_thesis_000000094797
refubium.mycore.derivateId
FUDISS_derivate_000000013820
dcterms.accessRights.dnb
free
dcterms.accessRights.openaire
open access