dc.contributor.author
Kunisch, Ralph
dc.date.accessioned
2018-06-08T01:01:49Z
dc.date.available
2013-01-25T07:23:23.311Z
dc.identifier.uri
https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/12842
dc.identifier.uri
http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-17040
dc.description
1\. Introduction
.....................................................................................................................
1 1.1 Pathogenesis
..............................................................................................................
4 1.2 The central role of alveolar macrophages
................................................................... 6 1.2.1
Cytokines, mediators of the innate and adaptive immune system
....................... 6 1.2.1.1 Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)
................................................................................
8 1.2.1.2 Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
..............................................................................
8 1.2.1.3 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
............................................................. 8 1.2.1.4
Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
......................................................................................
9 1.2.1.5 Interleukin-8 (IL-8)
........................................................................................
10 1.2.2 Nitric oxide (NO)
.................................................................................................
10 1.3 The mycobacterial cell wall
.......................................................................................
11 1.4 Multinucleated (giant) cells and granulomas
............................................................. 12 1.5 The
dormancy survival regulon (DosR)
..................................................................... 14 1.6
The conserved hypothetical protein Rv2626c
........................................................... 17 1.7 The
mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 (MDP1)
................................................... 18 1.8 M. bovis BCG contra
M. tuberculosis
........................................................................ 19
1.9 Objectives
.................................................................................................................
20 2\. Material & Methods
.......................................................................................................
21 2.1 Bacterial strains and culture conditions
..................................................................... 22 2.1.1
Growth experiments under neutral and low pH conditions
................................. 22 2.1.2 Cultivation of bacteria under pH
stress for protein isolation ............................... 23 2.2 Cloning
techniques
....................................................................................................
23 2.2.1 Molecular biology techniques
.............................................................................
23 2.2.2 Mutagenesis of the rv2626c-gene in M. bovis BCG
........................................... 24 2.2.2.1 Construction of the
rv2626c over-expression plasmid ................................. 24 2.2.2.2
Site-directed mutagenesis of rv2626c
.......................................................... 25 2.2.3
Mutagenesis of the mdp1-gene in M. bovis BCG
............................................... 28 2.2.3.1 Construction of the
mdp1 over-expression plasmid ..................................... 28 2.2.3.2
Site-directed mutagenesis of mdp1
............................................................. 28 2.2.2.3
Construction of the mdp1 antisense plasmid
............................................... 28 2.3 Protein analysis
.........................................................................................................
30 2.3.1 Protein extraction
................................................................................................
30 2.3.2 Western blot & immunodetection
........................................................................ 30
2.4 Cell culture experiments
............................................................................................
31 2.4.1 Methods of cell isolation from human-derived blood cells
.................................. 31 2.4.1.1 PBMCs Isolation
..........................................................................................
31 2.4.1.2 Monocytes isolation
.....................................................................................
32 2.4.2 Infection experiments
.........................................................................................
32 2.4.2.1 PBMC infection and Cytokine measurement
............................................... 32 2.4.2.2 Monocyte infection
and intracellular survival ............................................... 33
2.4.2.3 Monocyte infection and fusion of monocyte-derived macrophages
............. 33 2.4.2.4 J774.A1 mouse macrophages infection and Griess assay
.......................... 34 2.4.3 DNA extraction methods
.....................................................................................
35 2.4.3.1 DNA extraction from human-derived blood cells
.......................................... 35 2.4.3.2 DNA extraction from
mouse tissues ............................................................. 36
2.4.3.3 DNA quantification by real-time-PCR
........................................................... 36 2.5 Animal
Experiment
....................................................................................................
37 3\. Results
...........................................................................................................................
38 3.1 Mutagenesis of rv2626c and mdp1
........................................................................... 39
3.1.1 Mutagenesis of the rv2626c-gene
...................................................................... 39
3.1.1.1 Confirmation of the deletion mutant M. bovis ΔRv2626c::hyg
..................... 39 3.1.1.2 Confirmation of the over-expressing strain M.
bovis (pRv2626c) ................ 40 3.2.1 Mutagenesis of the mdp1-gene
.......................................................................... 40
3.2.1.1 Deleting the mdp1-gene has lethal consequences for M. bovis BCG
.......... 40 3.2.1.2 An over-expression of the mdp1-gene in M. bovis BCG is
impossible ........ 40 3.2.1.3 Antisense technique as means of choice to down-
regulate MDP1 .............. 42 3.2 Determination of the virulence associated
capabilities of rv2626c and mdp1 ........... 43 3.2.1 Expression of rv2626c in
exponential and stationary phase cultures ................. 43 3.2.2 Adaption
of mutagenised M. bovis BCG strains to low pH
................................. 44 3.2.2.1 Rv2626c influences the adaption
of BCG to low pH .................................... 45 3.2.2.2 MDP1
influences the adaption of BCG to low pH
........................................ 49 3.2.3 Rv2626c is expressed under
pH stress conditions ............................................. 50 3.2.4
Influence on the intracellular survival in human monocyte-derived macrophages
....................................................................................................................................
52 3.2.5 The influence on the secretion of selected cytokines by human PBMCs
........... 53 3.2.5.1 IL-1β secretion
.............................................................................................
54 3.5.2.2 TNF-α secretion
...........................................................................................
55 3.5.2.3 IFN-γ secretion
.............................................................................................
56 3.5.2.4 IL-10 secretion
.............................................................................................
57 3.5.2.5 IL-8 secretion
...............................................................................................
58 3.2.6 The influence on the NO concentration in J774.A1 cells
.................................... 58 3.2.7 Fusion of monocyte-derived
macrophages ........................................................ 59 3.2.8
The mutant ΔRv2626c::hyg survives better in Balb/c mice than wild-type BCG 63
4\. Discussion
.....................................................................................................................
66 5\. Summary
.......................................................................................................................
82 6\. Zusammenfassung
.......................................................................................................
83 7\. References
....................................................................................................................
84 8\. Attachment
....................................................................................................................
96 8.1 Abbreviations
............................................................................................................
96 8.2 Plasmid Maps
............................................................................................................
97 8.2.1 Plasmid pMV261
................................................................................................
97 8.2.2 Plasmid pYUB854
..............................................................................................
98
dc.description.abstract
In 1993, WHO declared tuberculosis a global health emergency. The reasons for
this decision are the high infection rate as well as problems associated with
the healing of tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis is able to survive in an intact
immune system over decades and can be reactivated under certain conditions.
The lengthy treatment and the appearance of multidrug resistant and
extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis strains complicate the healing
process. This makes it even more important to find genes in M. tuberculosis
allowing the survival in the human body and to understand their influence on
the interaction with the immune cells. Against this background, two genes of
M. bovis BCG were investigated whose regulation in M. tuberculosis suggested a
potential influence on the course of infection. By site-directed mutagenesis,
over-expression or antisense-technique new strains of M. bovis BCG were
generated in which either the gene rv2626c was over-expressed or deleted or
the gene for the “mycobacterial DNA binding protein 1“ (MDP1) was down-
regulated. These strains were used for in vitro experiments in which aspects
of the natural infection were simulated. The present work dealt with
investigations using human-derived primary cells, a mouse cell line and a
mouse model. It was shown that both genes possess virulence-associates
capabilities. The secretory protein Rv2626c interferes massively in the
cytokine expression of human PBMCs, up-regulating IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 and
down-regulating IL-8. It reduces the amount of secreted nitric oxide in a
mouse cell line and increases the fusion of human macrophages. On the other
hand the deletion of Rv2626c improves the increased survivability in Balb/c
mice. The down-regulation of mdp1 is probably responsible for modifications of
the mycobacterial cell wall which is accountable for the down-regulation of
IL-1β and nitric oxide, the decreased survivability in human macrophages and
the increased fusion of human macrophages. Further trials are needed to find
out whether Rv2626c and MDP1 are qualified for new therapeutic approaches or
not.
de
dc.description.abstract
Tuberkulose wurde 1993 von der WHO zu einem globalen Gesundheitsproblem
erklärt. Gründe hierfür sind die hohe Infektionsrate sowie Schwierigkeiten bei
der Behandlung von Tuberkulose. M. tuberculosis gelingt es über Jahrzehnte in
einem intakten Immunsystem zu überleben und unter bestimmten Bedingungen
wieder reaktiviert zu werden. Die langwierige Behandlung und das Auftreten von
multiresistenten und extrem resistenten Stämmen erschweren zudem die
Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose. Umso wichtiger ist es Gene zu finden die M.
tuberculosis das Überleben im menschlichen Körper ermöglichen und zu
verstehen, wie sie die Interaktion mit Zellen des Immunsystems beeinflussen.
Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden zwei Gene von M. bovis BCG untersucht, deren
Regulation in M. tuberculosis einen möglichen Einfluss auf den
Infektionsverlauf nahelegten. Mittels gezielter Mutagenese, Überexprimierung
oder Antisense Technik wurden neue M. bovis BCG Stämme erzeugt, in denen das
Gen rv2626c überexprimiert bzw. deletiert oder im Fall des “mycobacterial DNA
binding protein 1“ (MDP1) herabreguliert wurde. Mit diesen Stämmen wurden in
vitro Versuche durchgeführt in denen bestimmte Aspekte der natürlichen
Infektion simuliert wurden. Die in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Untersuchungen
mit humanen Primärzellen, einer Mauszelllinie und einem Mausmodell haben
gezeigt, dass beide Gene über virulenzassoziierte Eigenschaften verfügen. So
greift das sekretierte Protein Rv2626c massiv in die Zytokinexpression humaner
PBMCs ein, indem es IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10 hoch- und IL-8 herabreguliert,
Stickstoffoxid in einer Mauszelllinie herabreguliert und die Fusion humaner
Makrophagen fördert. Auf der anderen Seite führt die Deletion des Gens zu
einer verbesserten Überlebensfähigkeit in Balb/c Mäusen. Die Herabregulierung
von mdp1 wirkt sich wahrscheinlich auf eine Weise auf die Zellwandstruktur
aus, die zu einer Herabregulierung von IL-1β und Stickstoffoxid führt, das
intrazelluläre Überleben in humanen Makrophagen vermindert und die Fusion von
humanen Makrophagen fördert. Weiterführende Versuche müssen zeigen ob die
Rv2626c und MDP1 für die Entwicklung neuer Therapieansätze geeignet sind oder
nicht.
en
dc.rights.uri
http://www.fu-berlin.de/sites/refubium/rechtliches/Nutzungsbedingungen
dc.subject
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
dc.subject
Mycobacterium bovis BCG
dc.subject
virulence-associated genes
dc.subject.ddc
500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie
dc.title
Influence of virulence-associated genes of M. bovis BCG on the interaction
with host cells
dc.contributor.contact
kunischr@googlemail.com
dc.contributor.firstReferee
PD Dr. R. Grunow
dc.contributor.furtherReferee
Prof. Dr. R. Mutzel
dc.date.accepted
2012-09-24
dc.identifier.urn
urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-fudissthesis000000040184-2
dc.title.translated
Einfluss virulenz-assoziierter Gene von Mycobacterium bovis BCG auf die
Interaktion mit Wirtszellen
en
refubium.affiliation
Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie
de
refubium.mycore.fudocsId
FUDISS_thesis_000000040184
refubium.mycore.derivateId
FUDISS_derivate_000000012584
dcterms.accessRights.dnb
free
dcterms.accessRights.openaire
open access