In dairy cows the body condition forms a reflection of the energy reserves of the organism. Health, welfare and productivity of dairy cows are strongly associated with changes in body condition. As lactation puts substantial demands on the metabolism of dairy cows, farm management aims at avoiding either a deficient body condition or a substantial loss of body condition within a short period of time. A body condition higher or lower than recommended (over- and underconditioning in the following) compromises dairy cow productivity. While the body condition of Holstein Friesian cows has been thoroughly explored, few is known about the consequences of deviations from a target body condition for health and productivity of cows from other breeds. This study explores the percentage of over- and underconditioned cows at different days post partum [dpp] and their association with production parameters i.e., milk yield, milk fat and milk protein content of Simmental cows on Bavarian farms, categorized by parity (primi- or multiparous). Our study displays that in Simmental cows, overconditioning is more prevalent than underconditioning. While the middle of lactation (dpp = 100–199) resulted in higher percentage of overconditioning, the dry period (dpp = < 0 & > 299) indicated a higher percentage of underconditioned cows. The dry period and the middle of lactation are therefore the most challenging lactation stages for Simmental cows. We found milk protein content to have the strongest association with over- and underconditioning in Simmental cows. The probability of overconditioning was higher with higher milk protein content for every lactation stage and the probability of underconditioning was lower with higher milk protein content in every lactation stage. This study provides a theoretical basis for potential improvements in stockbreeding, which, if implemented, could improve not only the milk yield of Simmental dairy cows, but also their health and welfare.
