https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/18499 Wed, 29 Apr 2026 02:39:06 GMT 2026-04-29T02:39:06Z https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/20003 Das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) Bechberger, Mischa Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/20003 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/19887 Eco-efficient fertilizers Conrad, Jobst This case study investigates innovation processes and networks around the development and market introduction of a new eco-efficient fertilizer. The innovation offers a technical-fix solution to combine effective fertilizer application in modern agriculture and horticulture with environmental protection by reducing nitrogen losses with the help of ammonium stabilisators that show no significant (eco-)toxicological effects. The case study describes the period 1995 - 1999 relevant for this environmental innovation. Just those actors with the scientific competences required belonged to a loose innovation network which one could expect to participate in a cooperative R&D; project with rather strict labour division, well coordinated and cofunded by BASF as its key actor. The innovation process met no serious obstacles in its technical and its social dimension, though finally some retardation in its time dimension, concerning licensing of the new fertilizer. Willingness to compromise was prevalent in case of diverging actor interests, and substantial controversy could be hardly found in the whole innovation process. Respective actors in environmental, technology, and agricultural policy cared for more or less appropriate framework conditions of the innovation project but were hardly involved themselves in the genuine innovation network. Technology policy cared for launching and co-funding the project developing eco-efficient fertilizers especially for economic reasons. Concerning the main research question of the case study, no serious attempts of substantive interpolicy coordination of environmental policy and ecology-oriented technology policy could be identified. Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/19887 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/20057 Ecological modernization Jänicke, Martin The article gives an analysis of the possibilities and limits of the concept of ecological modernization. The concept was used already in the early 1980s to describe the common field of ecology and economy. The focus was on technological progress reducing the environmental impact of production and consumption. Hajer and other authors had a broader definition of the concept. But it could make sense to differentiate technical / non-technical solutions (the latter being less compatible with the economic system). The limits to eco-modernization strategies and the need for “structural” solutions could possibly better be demonstrated by the earlier concept. A policy for ecological modernization may be defined as the sum of government actions aimed to stimulate environmental innovations and their diffusion. Higher eco- efficiency - instead of end-of-pipe measures - is its main objective. But innovation is a highly difficult task, especially for governments. No simple “instrumentalistic” solution is available. Therefore, a more complex policy pattern will be necessary. A more global policy approach would be the stimulation of “green” lead markets. As a rule a complex interplay between political and technical innovation and diffusion can be observed. Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/20057 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/19597 Ecologically sound pulp production Conrad, Jobst The case studies investigate political bargaining as well as innovation processes around efforts to reduce environmental pollution in pulp production. The development and diffusion of corresponding environmental technologies depend on their technical viability, their economic viability, the (global) socioeconomic structures of the pulp and paper industry, environmental policy regulations, and situational circumstances, reflecting the interests and relative power of actors involved. Taking into account a time period of nearly 30 years (1970 - 2000) various innovative efforts are summarized. These environmental innovations are examples of different approaches and foci to deal with environmental problems of pulp production by appropriate technologies, namely wastewater purification by aluminium oxide or by combined aerobic and anaerobic biological treatment, substitution of molecular chlorine bleaching by peroxide bleaching or by high pressure oxygen bleaching, and alternative pulping technologies, i.e. the ASAM process and the Organocell process. Because structural framework conditions, particularly the availability of public funds, left considerable scope of action, situational conditions often paved the way for starting an environmental R&D; project and for its success or failure. In the 1970s the (perceived) pressure of environmental problems was so strong that environmental regulation of pulp production was considered necessary. Because of fierce competition on the world market, however, the pulp industry could hardly afford on a short-term basis the investments required for environmental protection measures without public subsidies. Therefore, ETP contributed significant funding to allow for the development of a considerable number of technological options in the 1970s and 1980s. Most of them failed, however, for various reasons, but some of them succeeded to become established practice since about the 1990s. EP and ETP played a key role in achieving large reductions of ecologically hazardous substances emitted during pulp production, by introducing a wastewater levy, by setting increasingly tighter environmental (emission and ambient quality control) standards, and by funding the development of corresponding environmental technologies. A good deal of coordination of EP and ETP took place, which influenced both the standard setting process and technology development. Whereas EP activities met fierce opposition of the pulp and paper industry in the 1970s and 1980s, involvement in related bargaining processes, in conjunction with an increasing environmental concern and a corresponding greening of industry in general, led to social learning processes of this industry which resulted in growing commitment and a voluntary declaration in favour of ecologically sound pulp production in the 1990s. A campaign of Greenpeace attacking environmental problems of pulp and paper production and public debate on chlorine-free paper probably enhanced this change in attitude. However, the corresponding actual demand of publishers for chlorine- free paper and clear environmental regulations were the main driving forces for improved environmental protection and consciousness in pulp production. Thus, different phases of development with varying attitudes and approaches of the main actors towards environmental protection and technology development in pulp production can be distinguished: environmental problem pressure and installation of available (end-of-pipe) technologies (1970-1980), generous public funding of environmental technology development and preparation of environmental regulation (1975- 1985), passing and enhancing environmental standards and diffusion of environmental innovations (1980-1995), further progress and differentiation of environmental regulation and environmental technologies applied (1990-2000). These changing contextual conditions implied differing policy strategies and tactics of EP and ETP. Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/19597 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z