https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/25572 2026-04-29T03:46:25Z 2026-04-29T03:46:25Z Sá Galvão, Isabela de https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/42228 2025-03-24T10:55:30Z 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z

A Franco-German Engine in European Defense? Sá Galvão, Isabela de Despite usually having distinct objectives regarding the integration of EU defense, France and Germany continuously seek to collaborate, presenting joint policy proposals which are frequently adopted at the EU level. Therefore, this paper seeks to analyze the importance of both states in EU decision-making on defense policy. First, this paper examines the current state of research on the Franco-German engine and then introduces the definition of this engine – a strong Franco-German cooperation to encourage European integration – as well as the theory to explain its processes. Afterwards, it provides the empirical analysis of a single-case study on the founding of Permanent Structured Cooperation [PESCO] which is a relevant component of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy [CSDP], an integral part of the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy [CFSP] (Articles 42(1) and (6), Treaty on European Union [TEU]). Finally, this paper concludes that there is a Franco-German engine in European defense which affects EU decision-making to enact or change EU policies.

2022-01-01T00:00:00Z Cesar, Taisija https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/46087 2025-01-08T02:06:38Z 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z

Accettabilità e uso del linguaggio inclusivo di genere tra persone italofone Cesar, Taisija Questa ricerca è interessata all’accettabilità e l’uso di varie forme di linguaggio inclusivo tra persone italofone. I quattro contesti analizzati sono le denominazioni professionali per donne, il riferirsi a persone indeterminate, a gruppi di genere misto e a persone non binarie. Le domande di ricerca riguardano le forme più accettate e utilizzate, la correlazione tra accettabilità e uso, i collegamenti implicazionali tra diverse forme, e le relazioni tra il grado d’accettabilità o la frequenza d’uso e alcune variabili demografiche. Nella prima parte vengono illustrati alcuni concetti extra-linguistici collegati al genere, le nozioni linguistiche di genere grammaticale, maschile generico e maschile di prestigio e le principali strategie di linguaggio inclusivo usate in italiano – dalla neutralizzazione alla specificazione del genere, dalle strategie di lingua standard a quelle sub-standard. Nella seconda parte vengono presentati i risultati della ricerca empirica, dove possiamo vedere, ad esempio, che il maschile di prestigio è stato sormontato in maggior misura del maschile generico, che è ancora molto presente; o che le strategie di linguaggio inclusivo di lingua standard sono più accettate e usate di quelle di lingua sub-standard, tra le quali lo schwa è il suffisso più accettato e usato. In tutti e quattro i contesti analizzati l’accettabilità e l’uso sono positivamente correlati. Le maggior parte delle categorie demografiche non hanno o hanno poco effetto sull’accettabilità o l’uso delle varie forme, a eccezione del paese e del luogo di residenza. Infine, vengono menzionati alcuni spunti per ulteriori ricerche e approfondimenti, come ad esempio le ragioni della scelta del maschile sovraesteso, quelle della scelta di forme femminili di professioni, l’influenza del linguaggio ampio in altre lingue parlate sulle diverse forme italiane e altri ancora.; Diese Studie befasst sich mit der Akzeptanz und dem Gebrauch verschiedener Formen inklusiver Sprache unter Italienischsprechenden. Bei den vier untersuchten Kontexten handelt es sich um Berufsbezeichnungen für Frauen, Bezeichnungen für Personen mit unbestimmtem Geschlecht, gemischtgeschlechtliche Gruppen und nicht-binäre Personen. Die Forschungsfragen betreffen die am meisten akzeptierten und verwendeten Formen, die Korrelation zwischen Akzeptanz und Gebrauch, die Implikationsverhältnisse zwischen verschiedenen Formen und die Beziehungen zwischen dem Grad der Akzeptanz oder der Häufigkeit des Gebrauchs und bestimmten demografischen Variablen. Der erste Teil veranschaulicht einige außersprachliche Konzepte im Zusammenhang mit dem Geschlecht, die linguistischen Begriffe des grammatischen Geschlechts, des generischen Maskulinums und des Prestige-Maskulinums sowie die wichtigsten Strategien der inklusiven Sprache im Italienischen – von der Geschlechtsneutralisierung bis zur -spezifikation, von den Strategien der Standard- bis zur Substandardsprache. Im zweiten Teil werden die Ergebnisse der empirischen Recherche vorgestellt, wo wir zum Beispiel sehen können, dass das Prestige-Maskulinum in einem größeren Ausmaß überholt wurde als das generische Maskulinum, das immer noch sehr präsent ist; oder dass die Strategien der inklusiven Sprache der Standardsprache mehr akzeptiert und verwendet werden als die der Substandardsprache, unter denen das Schwa das am meisten akzeptierte und verwendete Suffix ist. In allen vier untersuchten Kontexten sind Akzeptanz und Gebrauch positiv korreliert. Die meisten demografischen Kategorien haben keine oder nur geringe Auswirkungen auf die Akzeptanz oder den Gebrauch der verschiedenen Formen, mit Ausnahme des Wohnsitzlandes und des Wohnortes. Abschließend werden einige Punkte für weitere Forschungen und Untersuchungen genannt, z. B. die Gründe für die Wahl des erweiterten Maskulinums, die für die Wahl der femininen Formen von Berufen, der Einfluss der inklusiven Sprache in anderen gesprochenen Sprachen auf die verschiedenen italienischen Formen und weiteres.; This research is interested in the acceptability and use of various forms of inclusive language among Italian speakers. The four contexts analyzed are professional designations for women, referring to undefined persons, mixed-gender groups and non-binary persons. The research questions concern the most accepted and used forms, the correlation between acceptability and use, the implicational relations between different forms, and the relationship between the degree of acceptability or frequency of use and certain demographic variables. The first part illustrates some extra-linguistic concepts related to gender, the linguistic notions of grammatical gender, generic masculine and prestige masculine, and the main inclusive language strategies used in Italian – from gender neutralization to specification, from standard to sub-standard language strategies. In the second part, the results of the empirical research are presented, where we can see, for example, that the prestige masculine has been surpassed to a greater extent than the generic masculine, which is still very present; or that the inclusive language strategies of standard language are more accepted and used than those of sub-standard language, among which schwa is the most accepted and used suffix. In all four contexts analyzed, acceptability and use are positively correlated. Most demographic categories have no or little effect on the acceptability or use of the various forms, with the exception of country and place of residence. Finally, some points for further research and investigation are mentioned, such as the reasons for the choice of the over-extended masculine, those for the choice of feminine forms of professions, the influence of inclusive language in other spoken languages on the various Italian forms and more.

2024-01-01T00:00:00Z Milanov, Emil https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/28992 2021-01-29T09:47:00Z 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z

An alternative confusion matrix implementation for PreCall Milanov, Emil In this work, we examine literature on creating visualizations for the performance of machine learning classifiers, with our target group being users with limited machine learning experience. The underlying data is taken from Wikipedia, and more specifically ORES - Wikimedia’s service, which employs a machine learning model to score edits and articles. The interface also expands on PreCall’s implementation, and features multiple interactive components allowing the user to dynamically adjust parameters and see the immediate change in the classifier’s performance. After providing a summary of the relevant literature, we go over the ORES API and its relevant endpoints and parameters. Then, we outline the most popular ways to visualize a machine learning classifier’s performance. Following that is a thorough description of our target group, goals, and requirements, as well as the reasoning behind each design decision. Finally, there is an overview of the design and development process and we conduct a feedback session with a machine learning expert with background in ORES, and the feedback we receive is mostly positive, with some suggestions for improvement.

2020-01-01T00:00:00Z Dolfen, Sebastian https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/32693 2022-06-10T14:44:31Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Animal Rights vs. Animal Welfare Dolfen, Sebastian Nonprofit organizations actively shape the political agenda and engage in the public discourse around animal protection. The landscape of animal welfare and animal rights associations in Germany is diverse. A way to cluster the variety of organizations is to analyze their ideological approach. Organizations can be ascribed to the animal welfare or the animal rights movement. Although both are animal advocacy movements and try to pursue animal interests in human society, they are ideologically distinct. Furthermore, the organizations use different advocacy activities, attempting to influence politics in line with the organization´s goals. The paper compares advocacy strategies of animal rights and animal welfare organizations in Germany by focusing on the ideological distinction between both movements. The first part of the paper discusses ideological differences between animal rights and animal welfare organizations. Secondly, the concept of advocacy is introduced to define categories for analyzing advocacy strategies of respective social movement organizations. Finally, the third part of the paper conducts a qualitative comparative case study of four German social movement organizations. The findings indicate that the advocacy strategies of animal rights and animal welfare organizations are different due to distinctive ideological approaches. On the one hand, the animal welfare movement is a moderate movement with an anthropocentric approach, seeking to reform existing policies to enhance animal welfare. Hence, animal welfare organizations pursue a balanced mix between insider and outsider advocacy activities. On the other hand, the animal rights movement has a radical approach, which includes fighting for abolishing all animal exploitation in human society. Consequently, animal rights organizations primarily focus on outsider activities to reach as many people as possible.

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z